Dragon (also known as “dragon”), also known as Dragon 1, is a private, partially reusable unmanned transport spacecraft developed by SpaceX as part of the NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program and designed to deliver payload to the International Space Station and return him from the station to Earth .
| Dragon | |
|---|---|
 Dragon Cargo Ship | |
| Total information | |
| Developer |  Spacex |
| Manufacturer | Spacex |
| A country | USA |
| Appointment | cargo |
| Tasks | cargo delivery to / from the ISS |
| Orbit | low reference orbit |
| The term of active existence | up to 2 years [1] |
| Useful ISS load | up to 6000 kg [2] |
| Useful ISS load | up to 3500 kg (up to 3000 kg in a sealed compartment) [2] |
| Production and operation | |
| Status | operated by |
| Total running | 20 |
| First start | December 8, 2010 ( COTS Demo Flight 1 ) |
| Last run | July 25, 2019 ( SpaceX CRS-18 ) |
| Launch vehicle | Falcon 9 |
| Launch pad | SLC-40 , Cape Canaveral LC-39A , Kennedy Convention Center |
| Typical configuration | |
| Dry weight | 4200 kg [3] |
| Rechargeable batteries | 4 ( lithium polymer ) [3] |
| Solar panels | 1500–2000 W [3] |
| Orbit Correction Engines | 18 draco |
| Fuel | MMG / N 2 O 4 |
| Fuel mass | 1,290 kg [3] |
| Dimensions | |
| Height | 2.9 m (pressurized compartment) [3] 4.4 m (with fairing) 2.8 m (non-germ. Container) 7.2 m (full) [1] |
| Diameter | 3.66 m |
| Useful volume | 11 m 3 (sealed) [1] 14 m 3 (leaky) |
The need for new cargo ships arose in the United States due to the cessation of shuttle flights.
For 2019, and starting in 2012, Dragon is the only cargo spaceship in the world that returns cargo from the ISS to Earth [4] [5] [3] .
History
SpaceX began the development of the Dragon spaceship in late 2004 [6] .
In 2006, SpaceX became one of the winners of a competition held by NASA under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. Under the agreement, the company received about $ 396 million to complete the development and demonstration of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle and Dragon ship [7] [8] . The agreement included 3 test missions for certification of the launch vehicle and spacecraft for the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program for the supply of the ISS. Subsequently, the second and third demonstration missions were combined into one [9] .
On August 12, 2010, in the Morro Bay area on the US Pacific coast, tests of the Dragon spacecraft parachute system were successfully conducted. The capsule was lifted by helicopter to an altitude of 4.2 km and dropped down. The braking and main parachutes worked normally, normally lowering the device to the surface of the ocean. At the same time, astronauts in the spacecraft will experience no more than 2-3 g when overloading [10] .
On May 25, 2012, at 16:02 UTC , the Dragon ship was docked to the Harmony module as part of the SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2/3 demo mission [11] . Dragon became the first private spacecraft docked to the International Space Station.
According to the contract concluded between NASA and SpaceX under the Commercial Resupply Services program , the latter was to carry out 12 full-time missions to the ISS , but in March 2015, NASA decided to extend the contract for three more missions in 2017 [12] . The amount of the contract with NASA is about 1.6 billion dollars (increased to about 2 billion after the extension).
On October 8, 2012, the Dragon ship sailed to the International Space Station as part of the SpaceX CRS-1 mission. This is the first space transport mission in history with a commercial mission to the ISS.
On May 30, 2014, Elon Musk introduced a manned version of the Dragon spaceship called the Dragon V2 .
In December 2015, SpaceX received a contract worth about $ 700 million for another 5 Dragon ship missions to the International Space Station. Additional missions will ensure the supply of the station until 2019, inclusive, when the second phase of the Commercial Resupply Services program starts [13] .
On January 14, 2016, NASA identified SpaceX as one of the winners of the second phase of the ISS Commercial Resupply Services 2 (CRS2) procurement program, which provided the Dragon spaceship with at least 6 cargo missions with the possibility of an extension of the contract. The company’s offer includes 2 mission options with different methods of docking with the station: standard, using the Canadaarm2 manipulator and automatic, using the docking port for manned ships. It was also proposed that the ship land on the ground using its own SuperDraco engines, which will speed up access to the returned cargo [14] [15] .
Description
Dragon spaceship consists of a sealed (command-aggregate) compartment of a conical shape and an unpressurized compartment for accommodating large loads and disposable equipment of the ship - solar panels and radiators of the cooling system . The ship is powered by solar panels and batteries. Unlike other returned spaceships ( Apollo , Soyuz , as well as those being developed by Orion , CST-100 and Federation ), Dragon is an almost monoblock ship. The propulsion system, fuel tanks, batteries and other equipment of the aggregate compartment is returned with the ship, which is unique. In the cargo version of the ship, docking with the ISS , due to the lack of an autonomous docking system, is carried out in the same way as the Japanese HTV is docked using the Canadarm2 manipulator. The heat-insulating shield of the airtight compartment is ablative, its evaporation carries with it thermal energy [16] . The leaky compartment is undocked before completing the mission and burns out in the atmosphere.
In the CRS1 contract concluded in 2008, the cargo version of the Dragon ship has a maximum carrying capacity of 3310 kg to the ISS, which can be either completely sealed, leaky, or in between. The maximum carrying capacity upon return to the pressurized compartment is 2500 kg, which is due to the parachute system. [17]
Dragon spaceship is being developed in several modifications: cargo (in this version it is used now), manned by Dragon v2 (crew up to 7 people), cargo-passenger (crew 4 people + 2.5 tons of cargo), maximum mass of the ship with cargo on the ISS can be 7.5 tons, and a modification for autonomous flights (DragonLab).
It is assumed that a unique emergency rescue system (CAC) will be created for the Dragon ship, located not on the mast above the spacecraft, but in the ship itself. According to the statement by the head and chief designer of SpaceX, Ilon Mask, the SAS engines will probably be used to land the spacecraft [18] .
Design
When assembling the Dragon spaceship, modern composite materials are widely used to reduce weight and give additional structural strength.
The cargo version of the ship uses a disposable bow cone . The cone protects the ship and the docking mechanism in the dense atmosphere after the launch of the launch vehicle and disconnects shortly after the start of the upper stage.
The docking mechanism used is called Common Berthing Mechanism and is used for all cargo ships docking with the US part of the International Space Station. In addition, the same docking mechanism is used for all ISS modules, with the exception of Russian ones. On the Dragon ship, a passive part of the docking mechanism is installed, the active part is built into the unit modules of Unity , Harmony , Calm .
For access to the pressurized compartment there are 2 hatches, top (main) and side.
The service compartment is located around the perimeter of the bottom of the capsule of the spacecraft. It houses Draco engines, fuel tanks for engines, on-board computers, batteries. In addition, there is also a sensor compartment, the hatch of which goes outside the ship and is located under the side hatch. The manhole cover is closed during takeoff and landing, opens in space and is fixed in the open position. In the compartment are the sensors of control systems, navigation and control of the ship [19] . On the inside of the manhole cover is a special and fixing the ship with the Canadarm2 manipulator.
The system for maintaining the internal environment is capable of providing a pressure of about 1 atm (13.9-14.9 psi ), a temperature of 10 to 46 ° C and a humidity of 25 to 75% in a sealed compartment [3] .
Power supply of the ship is provided by solar and storage batteries. Solar panels are located outside the non-pressurized cargo compartment. During launch and flight, the atmosphere is hidden under special protective covers. After undocking the ship from the upper stage of the Falcon 9, the covers are disconnected, and the solar panels open in 2 wide wings with a total wingspan of 16.5 m. On average, they produce 1.5–2 kW of electricity, with a maximum of up to 4 kW. 4 lithium-polymer batteries provide the ship with power during take-off, landing and lack of sunlight in orbit [3] .
For orbital maneuvers, 18 Draco engines are used . The propulsion system is divided into 4 separate blocks, 2 blocks total of 4 Draco and 2 blocks of 5 each. The engines are duplicated in all axes. For the operation of the engines, a self-igniting mixture of monomethylhydrazine and diazotetraoxide is used , which makes it possible to obtain a thrust of 400 N each [3] .
An unpressurized freight container has a usable volume of 14 m 3 and can be used to transport bulky goods. In addition to the solar panels located on its body, the container also contains the radiators of the ship's thermoregulation system. An unpressurized container does not return to Earth, it is separated from the capsule shortly before the ship enters the atmosphere and burns out.
In the first flights of the cargo version of the Dragon ship, a thermal insulation made of PICA-X material of the first generation was used, later the second generation began to be used. The third generation PICA-X is planned for use on a manned version of Dragon V2 [20] . The PICA material (from the English phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator ) is a composite material consisting of carbon fiber impregnated with phenol-formaldehyde resin and is designed for ablation protection of the ship during its braking in the atmosphere [21] [22] .
Cargo Dragon uses a parachute landing scheme . At an altitude of 13.7 km, two brake parachutes are released that slow down and stabilize the capsule, after which at a height of about 3 kilometers 3 main parachutes open, which reduce the landing speed to 17–20 km / h before being splashed in the ocean [23] .
Significant Missions
Launch Launch First
The first launch of the Falcon 9 took place on June 4, 2010 from Cape Canaveral at 18:45 UTC . At 18:54, the second stage of the launch vehicle successfully entered orbit [24] . The rocket was launched on the second attempt, the first launch was canceled a few seconds before the launch due to a technical problem. During the first flight of the Falcon 9, a mass-dimensional model of the Dragon (Dragon Qualification Spacecraft) was installed on the launch vehicle for aerodynamic testing.
The second stage of the launch vehicle with the Dragon ship model installed on it reached a low Earth orbit close to the calculated one with the following parameters:
- inclination - 34.5 °;
- minimum height (at perigee) - 245.0 km;
- maximum height (at the peak) - 272.8 km;
- circulation period - 89.52 min.
It is worth noting that the first launch of the Falcon 9 was not so successful. For example, after turning on the booster block, a noticeable roll offset appeared [25] .
First Orbital Flight
On December 8, 2010, at 15:43 UTC, Falcon 9 booster rocket with Dragon aboard successfully launched from Cape Canaveral . 10 minutes after the launch, at an altitude of about 300 km, the ship reached orbit and separated from the carrier [26] [27] .
The ship twice flew around the Earth at a speed of about 7.73 km / s (more than 27,300 km / h ), after which it went down. The capsule entered the atmosphere and according to the flight plan, opening parachutes, splashed in the Pacific Ocean at 19:04 UTC [28] [29] .
Over the course of the mission, Dragon’s ability to transfer from orbit to orbit was presented, as well as telemetry transmission, command passing, impulse to exit orbit, and flooding using a parachute system to the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California .
On board the Dragon ship was a "top secret cargo", information about which was disclosed only after the splashdown of the capsule. As it turned out, it was the head of cheese, which was in a special container screwed to the floor of the lander [30] .
First flight to the ISS
After several transfers, the Falcon 9 booster rocket with the Dragon spaceship launched from the cosmodrome at Cape Canaveral on May 22, 2012 at 07:44 UTC , a few minutes later the spacecraft separated from the second stage of the rocket and successfully entered intermediate orbit. On May 25, 2012, at 13:56 UTC, the ship approached the ISS to a distance of 10 meters, was captured by the Kanadarm2 manipulator mounted on the Calm module, and successfully docked [31] .
During this mission, it was supposed to check the operation of onboard sensors, radio communications and control from the ISS. The ship automatically approached the station, after which the station’s crew seized the ship and docked it using the Canadarm2 manipulator. The Dragon spaceship was docked to the Harmony module on the side facing the Earth. The spacecraft delivered 520 kilograms of cargo to the ISS [32] - “optional” items, without which the crew could easily do without a mission. The ship Dragon was part of the station for 5 days 16 hours and 5 minutes [33] . The final stage of the mission included the undocking of the spacecraft on May 31 [34] , its descent and orbiting in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California, and was successfully completed at 15:42 UTC [33] .
Based on the successful results of the second test flight, it was decided to refuse the third test flight.
First commercial flight to the ISS
The first commercial launch of the spacecraft to the ISS was made on October 8, 2012. The launch took place from the launch site at Cape Canaveral in Florida at 00:35 UTC . Dragon spaceship docked with the ISS on October 10 [35] [36] .
The spacecraft delivered about 450 kilograms of payload to the ISS, including materials for 166 scientific experiments. Back to Earth, Dragon successfully returned about 900 kilograms of cargo [36] , including decommissioned station details, as well as over 330 kilograms of research results.
The ship undocked from the ISS on October 28, 2012 at 11:19 UTC and returned to Earth, splashed in the Pacific at 19:22 UTC at a distance of about 300 km from the coast of California [36] .
The Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract between SpaceX and NASA, valued at $ 1.6 billion, envisioned 12 flights to the ISS, starting with SpaceX CRS-1 [36] .
Flight Schedule
| No. | Ship (flight) | Mission name | ( UTC ) | Duration, day | Payload, kg [37] | Logo Spacex | Logo NASA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| launch date | docking date with the ISS | touchdown date | on the ISS | with the ISS | ||||||
| As part of COTS | ||||||||||
| one | C101 (1) | COTS Demo Flight 1 | 12/12. 2010 | - | 12/08/2010 | - | - | - | ||
| The first Dragon mission (without cargo compartment), the second launch of Falcon 9 v1.0. [38] | ||||||||||
| 2 | C102 (1) | COTS Demo Flight 2/3 | 05.22. 2012 | 05/25/2012 | 05/31/2012 | 9 | (520) [39] | 660 | ||
| The first mission with the equipment of the spacecraft, the first approach and docking to the ISS. [40] [41] | ||||||||||
| As part of CRS-1 | ||||||||||
| 3 | C103 (1) | SpaceX CRS-1 | 10/7. 2012 | 10/10/2012 | 10/28/2012 | 20 | (454) [42] | 905 | ||
| The first commercial mission to the ISS under the Commercial Resupply Services program . | ||||||||||
| four | C104 (1) | SpaceX CRS-2 | 03/01. 2013 | 03.03.2013 | 03/26/2013 | 25 | (677) + 373 [43] | 1370 | ||
| The second commercial mission to the ISS. First use of an unpressurized ship compartment. | ||||||||||
| five | C105 (1) | SpaceX CRS-3 | 04/18. 2014 | 04/20/2014 | 05/18/2014 | thirty | (1518) + 571 + 28 [44] [45] | 1563 | ||
| The third commercial mission to the ISS under the contract. The first launch to the ISS using the new version of the Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle [46] [47] [48] [49] . | ||||||||||
| 6 | C106 (1) | SpaceX CRS-4 | 09.21. 2014 | 09/23/2014 | 10/25/2014 | 34 | (1627) + 589 [50] [51] | 1486 | ||
| The fourth commercial mission to the ISS under the contract. For the first time, aboard animals - 20 mice [52] . | ||||||||||
| 7 | C107 (1) | SpaceX CRS-5 | 10.01. 2015 | 01/12/2015 | 02/11/2015 | 31 | (1901) + 494 [53] [54] | 1662 | ||
| Fifth commercial mission to the ISS under the contract. The (CATS) was delivered to the non-pressurized compartment for monitoring and measuring aerosols in the Earth’s atmosphere after being installed on the Kibo module [55] [56] . | ||||||||||
| eight | C108 (1) | SpaceX CRS-6 | 04/14/2015 | 04/17/2015 | 05/21/2015 | 36 | (2015) [57] [58] | 1370 | ||
| Sixth commercial mission to the ISS under the contract [59] . Onboard the spacecraft Dragon, animals were delivered to the ISS - 20 mice. | ||||||||||
| 9 | C109 (1) | SpaceX CRS-7 | 06/28/2015 | (1951) + 526 [60] | ||||||
| Seventh commercial mission to the ISS under the contract. Booster explosion 2 minutes 19 seconds after starting the engines. In the leaky compartment, it was planned to deliver the IDA-1 docking adapter to the ISS for future manned spacecraft Dragon V2 and CST-100 . | ||||||||||
| ten | C110 (1) | SpaceX CRS-8 | 04/08/2016 | 04/10/2016 | 05/11/2016 | 32 | (1723) + 1413 [61] | ~ 1700 [62] | ||
| The eighth commercial mission to the ISS. The largest payload mass delivered by Dragon to the station (3,136 kg). An experimental module BEAM was delivered to the ISS in an unpressurized compartment, which is connected to the Calm module [63] . | ||||||||||
| eleven | C111 (1) | SpaceX CRS-9 | 07/18/2016 | 07/20/2016 | 08/26/2016 | 39 | (1790) + 467 [64] | 1547 [65] | ||
| The ninth commercial mission to the ISS. During the mission, food and materials for scientific experiments were delivered to the ISS , including 12 mice for the Mouse Epigenetics study that returned to Earth on the ship a month later, and a new IDA-2 docking adapter was delivered, which will allow the docking of American manned spacecraft Crew Dragon and CST-100 Starliner ships with station [66] [67] . | ||||||||||
| 12 | C112 (1) | SpaceX CRS-10 | 02/19/2017 | 02/23/2017 | 03/19/2017 | 28 | (1530) + 960 [68] | 1652 + 811 [69] | ||
| Tenth commercial mission to the ISS. During the mission, 732 kg of scientific equipment and experimental samples, 296 kg of provisions for the crew, 382 kg of equipment for the American and 22 kg for the Russian segment of the station, as well as 11 kg of computer equipment and 10 kg of equipment for spacewalks were delivered to the ISS . In the non-pressurized compartment, external research instruments STP-H5 LIS and SAGE III were delivered to the station. On the way back, the ship delivered to the Earth samples of biological and biotechnological experiments, the results of scientific research and educational programs. | ||||||||||
| 13 | C106 (2) | SpaceX CRS-11 | 06/03/2017 | 06/05/2017 | 07/03/2017 | 29th | (1665) + 1002 [70] | over 1860 [71] | ||
| In this mission, the Dragon capsule descent capsule, which returned from the SpaceX CRS-4 supply mission, was first reused. The main structural elements of the ship (pressurized compartment, Draco engines, fuel tanks, wiring and part of the avionics) remained the same. Salt-water-damaged batteries and a heat shield were replaced. In the leaky compartment of the ship, external devices were delivered to the station: ROSA , NICER, and MUSES [72] . | ||||||||||
| 14 | C113 (1) | SpaceX CRS-12 | 08/14/2017 | 08/16/2017 | 09/17/2017 | 32 | (1652) + 1258 [73] | 1720 [74] | ||
| The last new Dragon ship of the first generation, in future missions they plan to use previously flying capsules that have already flown back. In an unpressurized compartment, an instrument for studying cosmic rays , [75], was delivered to the station. | ||||||||||
| 15 | C108 (2) | SpaceX CRS-13 | 12/15/2017 | 12/17/2017 | 01/13/2018 | 29th | (1560) + 645 [76] | 1850 [77] [78] | ||
| The second mission with the Dragon ship’s reusable descent capsule, the capsule is used after the SpaceX CRS-6 supply mission. In an unpressurized compartment: Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) and Space Debris Sensor (SDS) [76] . Upon returning to the disposable non-pressurized compartment, the external equipment delivered by the CRS-4 mission [77] . | ||||||||||
| sixteen | C110 (2) | SpaceX CRS-14 | 04/02/2018 | 04/04/2018 | 05/05/2018 | 31 | (1721) + 926 [79] | |||
| Mission with a reusable descent capsule of the Dragon ship, the capsule is used after the SpaceX CRS-8 supply mission, as well as the reuse of the first stage from SpaceX CRS-12 [79] [80] . | ||||||||||
| 17 | C111 (2) | SpaceX CRS-15 | 06/29/2018 | 07/02/2018 | 08/03/2018 | 32 | (1712) + 985 [81] | |||
| Mission with a reusable Dragon ship descent capsule, the capsule is used after the SpaceX CRS-9 supply mission, as well as the reuse of the first stage B1045 from the TESS mission. | ||||||||||
| 18 | C112 (2) | SpaceX CRS-16 | 12/05/2018 | 12/08/2018 | 01/14/2019 | 40 | (1598) + 975 [82] | |||
| The Dragon ship's reentry capsule, returned from the SpaceX CRS-10 supply mission, is being reused . An external GEDI instrument and RRM3 experiment were delivered to the station in an unpressurized container. | ||||||||||
| nineteen | C113 (2) | SpaceX CRS-17 | 05/04/2019 | 05/06/2019 | 06/03/2019 | thirty | (1517) + 965 [83] | more than 1900 | ||
| The Dragon ship’s launch capsule is reused, returning from the SpaceX CRS-12 supply mission. The OCO-3 external carbon observatory and STP-H6 technology demonstrator were delivered to the station in an unpressurized container. | ||||||||||
| 20 | C108 (3) | SpaceX CRS-18 | 07/25/2019 | 07/27/2019 | 08/27/2019 | 31 | (1778) + 534 [84] | |||
| The third flight for the returned capsule of the ship, which was previously used for missions CRS-6 and CRS-13 in April 2015 and December 2017, respectively. Delivery of the new IDA-3 docking adapter to the ISS was completed. | ||||||||||
| Planned launches | ||||||||||
| 21 | SpaceX CRS-19 | not earlier than December 4, 2019 | ||||||||
| 22 | SpaceX CRS-20 | not earlier than March 1, 2020 | ||||||||
| As part of CRS-2 | ||||||||||
| 23 | SpaceX CRS-21 | |||||||||
| 24 | SpaceX CRS-22 | |||||||||
| 25 | SpaceX CRS-23 | |||||||||
| 26 | SpaceX CRS-24 | |||||||||
| 27 | SpaceX CRS-25 | |||||||||
| 28 | SpaceX CRS-26 | |||||||||
| No. | Ship (flight) | Mission name | ( UTC ) | Duration, day | Payload, kg | Logo Spacex | Logo NASA | |||
| launch date | docking date with the ISS | touchdown date | on the ISS | with the ISS | ||||||
Manned Dragon V2 Modification
On May 29, 2014, the company introduced a manned version of the Dragon reusable vehicle, which will allow the crew not only to get to the ISS , but to return to Earth with full control of the landing procedure. In the Dragon capsule, seven astronauts can simultaneously be located [85] . Unlike the cargo version, it is able to dock with the ISS on its own, without using the station manipulator. The main differences are the controlled landing on SuperDraco engines (parachute scheme as a reserve), supports for soft landing and a salon with chairs for astronauts and a control panel [86] . It is also stated that the descent capsule will be reusable, the first unmanned flight is scheduled for December 2018.
Red Dragon Martian Mission
In July 2011, it became known that the Ames Research Center is developing a concept for the Red Dragon Martian research mission using Falcon Heavy media and SpaceX Dragon capsule. The capsule should enter the atmosphere and become a platform for surface research experiments. The concept was proposed as the NASA Discovery program for launch in 2018 and arrival on Mars in a few months. Drilling was planned to a depth of 1 meter in search of ice below the surface. The cost of the mission was estimated at 425 million USD , not including the launch price [87] . Preliminary calculations showed that essentially unchanged capsule has the ability to deliver about 1000 kg of payload to the surface of Mars. It was assumed that the ship will use the same landing system in a low reference orbit as the manned version. In 2017, the project was discontinued in order to focus resources on the development of the heavy BFR carrier [88] .
Photo Gallery
Dragon capsule in the assembly shop
Dragon ship in the assembly shop
Ship in the hangar of the SLC-40 complex
Dragon in the process of mounting on a booster
The ship is approaching the station
Dragon is approaching the ISS at a distance of 30 m
Dragon at the moment of capture by his robotic arm
Ship captured by Kanadarm2
Dragon ship docked to ISS
Dragon parachutes down into the ocean
Dragon ship capsule in the Pacific after return
Comparison with similar projects
| Comparison of the characteristics of unmanned cargo spacecraft ( Edit ) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Title | Tks | Progress | ATV | Htv | Dragon | Cygnus | Tianzhou (天 舟) |
| Developer | |||||||
| Appearance | |||||||
| First flight | |||||||
| Last flight | (flights stopped) | ||||||
| Total flights (unsuccessful) | ( 3 due to booster) | ( 1 due to booster) | ( 1 due to booster) | ||||
| Dimensions | 13.2 m length 4.1 m wide 49.88 m³ volume | 7.48-7.2 m length 2.72 m width 7.6 m³ volume | 10.7 m length 4,5 m width 48 m³ volume | 10 m length 4.4 m wide 14 m³ volume (tight) | 7.2 m length 3.66 m width 11 m³ volume (tight), 14—34 m³ volume (not tight) | 5.14-6.25 m length 3.07 m width 18.9—27 m³ volume | 9 m length 3.35 m wide 15 m³ volume |
| Reusability | |||||||
| Weight kg | 21 620 kg (starting) | 7 150 kg (starting) | 20 700 kg (starting) | 10 500 kg (dry) 16 500 kg (starting) | 4,200 kg (dry) 7 100 kg (starting) | 1,500 kg (dry) 1 800 kg (dry improved) | 13 500 kg (starting) |
| Payload, kg | 3,500 kg (superior) | ||||||
| Return of cargo, kg | |||||||
| OS flight time | |||||||
| Flight time before docking | |||||||
| Launch vehicle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Description | Cargo delivery to the Almaz orbital station . In the form of an automatic cargo ship docked to the Salyut orbital stations. Originally developed as a manned ship. | It is used to supply the ISS , correcting the orbit of the ISS. Originally used for Soviet and Russian space stations. | Used to supply the ISS, correcting the orbit of the ISS. | Used to supply the ISS. | Private partially reusable spacecraft , under the COTS program , designed to deliver and return payload. | Private supply spacecraft under the COTS program . Designed to supply the ISS. | Cargo delivery to Tiangong-2 and to the Modular Space Station . Created on the basis of the Tiangong-2 space laboratory |
See also
- Union T
- Cygnus - freight
- Dream Chaser - reusable freight
- CST-100 - Manned
- Orion - partially reusable manned
- Federation - Manned
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 SpaceX.com Dragon
- ↑ 1 2 The Annual Compendiumof Commercial Space Transportation: 2018
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dragon - Cargo Version
- ↑ Garcia, Mark US Cargo Ship Departs Station with Critical Scientific Research . NASA (August 1, 2018).
- ↑ Dragon spaceship successfully splashed in the Pacific Ocean . Interfax (January 14, 2019).
- ↑ Berger, Brian SpaceX building reusable crew capsule (англ.) . MSNBC (08.03.2006). Дата обращения 9 декабря 2010. Архивировано 20 марта 2006 года.
- ↑ NASA Selects Crew and Cargo Transportation to Orbit Partners (англ.) . NASA (18 August 2006).
- ↑ Statement of William H. Gerstenmaier Associate Administrator for Space Operations before the Committee on Science, Space and Technology Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics US House of Representatives (англ.) . science.house.gov (26 May 2011).
- ↑ NASA managers announce February 7 launch date for Dragon ISS mission (англ.) . NASA (9 December 2011).
- ↑ Испытания парашютной системы для корабля Dragon прошли успешно .
- ↑ Amos, Jonathan . Station grabs SpaceX Dragon ship (англ.) , bbc.com (25 May 2012). Дата обращения 7 апреля 2015.
- ↑ NASA lines up four additional CRS missions for Dragon and Cygnus .
- ↑ SpaceX wins 5 new space station cargo missions in NASA contract estimated at $700 million (англ.) . spacenews.com (24 February 2016).
- ↑ Dream Chaser, Dragon and Cygnus All Awarded NASA CRS2 Space Station Resupply Contracts (англ.) . americaspace.com (14 January 2016).
- ↑ Orbital, Sierra Nevada, SpaceX Win NASA Commercial Cargo Contracts (англ.) . spacenews.com (14 January 2016).
- ↑ Американцы предложили новый способ запуска космических кораблей .
- ↑ «The ISS CRS contract (signed 23 December 2008)»
- ↑ Sci-Lib.com. Частный грузовой космический корабль — следующий шаг SpaceX (19 июня 2010 года). Архивировано 17 апреля 2012 года.
- ↑ Dragon Guidance Navigation Control (GNC) Bay .
- ↑ SpaceX Dragon V2 unveil event .
- ↑ Тепловой щит из PICA-X
- ↑ Post-Flight Evaluation of PICA and PICA-X — Comparisons of the Stardust SRC and Space-X Dragon 1 Forebody Heatshield Materials
- ↑ Dragon SpX-1 — Mission Profile Архивировано 2 апреля 2015 года. .
- ↑ Запуск частной ракеты-носителя Falcon-9 прошёл успешно Архивная копия от 11 июня 2010 на Wayback Machine Компьюлента (Проверено 13 января 2012)
- ↑ Революция в космосе (Проверено 13 января 2012)
- ↑ Парамонов, Владимир В освоении космоса началась новая эра (недоступная ссылка) . Компьюлента (9 декабря 2010). Дата обращения 1 июня 2012. Архивировано 13 января 2012 года.
- ↑ Во Флориде частная компания впервые в истории осуществила запуск космического аппарата . Корреспондент (8 декабря 2010). Дата обращения 1 июня 2012. Архивировано 30 июня 2012 года.
- ↑ Chow, Denise Private Space Capsule Launch 'Mind-Blowingly Awesome' (англ.) . SPACE.com (8 December 2010). Дата обращения 1 июня 2012. Архивировано 30 июня 2012 года.
- ↑ Первый частный космический корабль вернулся на Землю . Lenta.ru (8 декабря 2010). Дата обращения 4 июня 2012. Архивировано 30 июня 2012 года.
- ↑ Раскрыт «секретный груз» первого частного космического корабля .
- ↑ Астронавты на МКС успешно захватили корабль Dragon манипулятором .
- ↑ Dragon причалил. Дни «Союзов» сочтены .
- ↑ 1 2 Spaceflight Now | Dragon Mission Report | Mission Status Center .
- ↑ Dragon причалил к МКС .
- ↑ SpaceX, NASA Target Oct. 7 Launch For Resupply Mission To Space Station
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Грузовик Dragon приводнился в Тихом океане . lenta.ru (28.10.2012). Дата обращения 26 апреля 2014.
- ↑ Commercial Resupply Media Resources (англ.) . NASA
- ↑ SpaceX Launches Success with Falcon 9/Dragon Flight (англ.) . NASA (9 December 2010). Дата обращения 11 апреля 2012. Архивировано 25 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ SpaceX-D Manifest (англ.) . NASA Archived on June 6, 2012.
- ↑ SpaceX Launches Private Capsule on Historic Trip to Space Station (англ.) . Space.com (22 May 2012). Архивировано 3 октября 2012 года.
- ↑ COTS 2 Mission Press Kit (англ.) . NASA Архивировано 22 мая 2012 года.
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-1 Press Kit (англ.) . NASA Archived on October 30, 2012.
- ↑ SpaceX 2 Cargo Manifest (англ.) . NASA Архивировано 19 марта 2013 года.
- ↑ SpaceX-3 Cargo By-The-Numbers and Science Highlights (англ.) . NASA
- ↑ Dragon SpX-3 Cargo Overview (англ.) . spaceflight101.com. Дата обращения 10 января 2015. Архивировано 28 октября 2014 года.
- ↑ Dragon SpX-3 Mission Updates (англ.) (недоступная ссылка) . spaceflight101.com. Дата обращения 25 октября 2014. Архивировано 28 октября 2014 года.
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-3 Dragon captured by the ISS (англ.) . nasaspaceflight.com. Дата обращения 20 апреля 2014.
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-3 Mission Press Kit (англ.) . NASA
- ↑ SpaceX-3 Manifest Summary (англ.) . NASA
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-4 OVERVIEW (англ.) . NASA Архивировано 24 сентября 2014 года.
- ↑ Dragon SpX-4 Cargo Overview (англ.) . spaceflight101.com. Дата обращения 10 января 2015. Архивировано 28 октября 2014 года.
- ↑ Dragon SpX-4 Mission Updates (англ.) (недоступная ссылка) . spaceflight101.com. Дата обращения 25 октября 2014. Архивировано 28 октября 2014 года.
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-5 OVERVIEW (англ.) . NASA Дата обращения 12 января 2015. Архивировано 12 января 2015 года.
- ↑ Dragon SpX-5 Cargo Overview (англ.) . spaceflight101.com (10 января 2015). Date of treatment January 10, 2015. Archived January 10, 2015.
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-5 Mission Press Kit (англ.) . NASA Дата обращения 12 января 2015. Архивировано 12 января 2015 года.
- ↑ Dragon SpX-5 Mission Updates (англ.) . spaceflight101.com (10 января 2015). Дата обращения 10 января 2015. Архивировано 15 апреля 2015 года.
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-6 OVERVIEW (англ.) . NASA Архивировано 14 апреля 2015 года.
- ↑ Dragon SpX-6 Cargo Overview (англ.) . spaceflight101.com (14 апреля 2015). Архивировано 15 апреля 2015 года.
- ↑ Dragon SpX-6 Mission Updates (англ.) . spaceflight101.com (14 апреля 2015). Архивировано 15 апреля 2015 года.
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-7 OVERVIEW (англ.) . NASA Архивировано 1 июля 2015 года.
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-8 OVERVIEW (англ.) . NASA Архивировано 3 апреля 2016 года.
- ↑ Critical NASA Science Returns to Earth aboard SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft (англ.) . nasa.gov (11 May 2016).
- ↑ Dragon Spacecraft makes triumphant Return to ISS after flawless Rendezvous (англ.) . spaceflight101.com (10 April 2016).
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-9 mission overview (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ Dragon spacecraft splashes down with station research specimens (англ.) . Spaceflight Now (26 August 2016).
- ↑ Компания SpaceX отправила к МКС корабль Dragon и посадила ступень ракеты . ТАСС (18 июля 2016). Date of treatment July 18, 2016.
- ↑ Dragon SpX-9 Cargo Overview (англ.) . Spaceflight101 .
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-10 mission overview (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ SpaceX's Dragon supply carrier wraps up 10th mission to space station (англ.) . Spaceflight Now (19 March 2017).
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-11 mission overview (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ S. Clark. Dragon capsule returns home with animals and station equipment (англ.) . Spaceflight Now (2017-7-3). Date of treatment July 5, 2017.
- ↑ Falcon 9 sends Dragon on High-Profile ISS Resupply Mission, 1st Stage Return sets new Record Time (англ.) . Spaceflight101 (3 June 2017).
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-12 mission overview (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ SpaceX Dragon Splashes Down with Critical Space Station Science (англ.) . Spaceflight101 (September 17, 2017). Date of appeal September 19, 2017.
- ↑ Successful Monday Commute to Orbit for Dragon Cargo Craft, Falcon 9 aces another Landing (англ.) . Spaceflight101 (14 August 2017).
- ↑ 1 2 SpaceX CRS-13 mission overview (англ.) . NASA . Архивировано 8 января 2018 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Twice-Flown Dragon Cargo Spacecraft Splashes Down (англ.) . spaceflight101.com. Архивировано 15 января 2018 года.
- ↑ Commercial cargo craft splashes down in Pacific Ocean after station resupply run (англ.) . spaceflightnow.com (13 января 2018). Архивировано 14 января 2018 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Overview SpaceX CRS-14 mission (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ CRS-14 Dragon Resupply Mission (англ.) . SpaceX .
- ↑ Overview SpaceX CRS-15 mission (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ Overview SpaceX CRS-16 mission (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-17 Mission Overview (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ SpaceX CRS-18 Mission Overview (англ.) . NASA .
- ↑ SpaceX | Webcast
- ↑ Видео. SpaceX Dragon V2 Unveil Event . spacexchannel (29 мая 2013).
- ↑ «Red Dragon» Mission Mulled as Cheap Search for Mars Life .
- ↑ http://www.teslarati.com/spacex-skipping-red-dragon-vastly-bigger-ships-mars-confirms-musk/
Literature
- Erik Seedhouse. SpaceX's Dragon: America's Next Generation Spacecraft. — Springer, 2015. — 188 с. — ISBN 978-3-319-21514-3 .
Links
- Dragon SpaceX на официальном сайте. (eng.)
- Устройство ракеты-носителя Falcon 9 и корабля Dragon . РИА Новости (9 декабря 2010 года). Архивировано 17 апреля 2012 года.
- Стартовала новая ракета-носитель "Фалькон-9" . Русская служба Би-би-си (4 июня 2010 года). Архивировано 17 апреля 2012 года.
- Космическое такси. Сюжет телестудии Роскосмоса . year 2012.
- Фоторепортаж: возвращение корабля Dragon на Землю