Left: labor camp.
Left center: road with gates in the north and south.
On the right: the educational building and the canteen for collaborators around the parade ground for military training (painted brown), located north of the former sugar factory.
In the east: German SS barracks with an infirmary and a warehouse (painted red).
Below: the commandant’s house.
On the legend of the map:
1 and 2 Blocks for placement of Ukrainian collaborators.
3. Garage and a platform for placing vehicles.
4. Blocks for accommodating Estonians and Latvians.
11. Cattle farm for nutrition of collaborators
Herbalists :
- Nazi concentration camp near the village of Travniki , Poland ( Polish. Trawniki obóz koncentracyjny ), several times changing its purpose:
- • From July to September 1941 - a transit camp for the Soviet civilian population and prisoners of war.
- • From June 1942 to September 1943 - forced labor camp for Jews ( German: Zwangsarbeitslager Trawniki ) as part of Operation Reinhard.
- • from September 1943 to May 1944 - one of the auxiliary camps of the Lublin / Majdanek camp system [1] .
- • From June 1942 to September 1943 - forced labor camp for Jews ( German: Zwangsarbeitslager Trawniki ) as part of Operation Reinhard.
- SS Travniki training camp ( German Übungslager SS Travniki ), deployed as part of the Reinhardt operation, formed on the basis of the Travniki labor camp and operated from September 1941 to July 1944. The concept of a training camp, that is, such a concentration camp, where among the POWs disappointed in the Soviet system, broken by the war, its harshness and hardships of captivity, the Nazis recruited a human resource to perform various specific functions, such as [2] :
- • informants and informers ;
- • camp asset (capo) ;
- • unarmed prison camp overseers.
- In particular, the camp was used as a training center and training base for training guards and police officers of the SS military system from among collaborators (this profile remained the determining and best known in the fate of this camp), where they and former prisoners were trained [2] :
- • escorting prisoners and prisoners;
- • protection of various facilities (including concentration camps).
- • camp asset (capo) ;
- Also, the name " herbalists " has become a household name for the "graduates" of the specified training camp , which in addition to the above functions were also subsequently used for
- • operations against partisans;
- • police punitive actions
- and etc.
- • police punitive actions
Background
In August 1941, the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, visited occupied Minsk with an inspection trip, where he and the commander of Einsatzgruppe B Arthur Nebe watched the process of mass executions specially arranged for a high-ranking guest.
In the morning, Himmler, together with police general von dem Bach Zalewski, left the city where the mass shooting took place. As the pit filled the corpses, Himmler felt sick and vomited. Bach-Zalevsky, seeing Himmler’s reaction, said that the firing squad was also shocked by this action.
Look into the eyes of these people. They no longer have nerves for the rest of their lives. We grow neurotics and barbarians here!
Himmler addressed the executioners with a patriotic speech, and promised the commanders to think about the problem.
The problem was solved in two ways:
- they began to use gas in mass killings, now the executioner was not supposed to shoot directly at his victim;
- collaborators began to be attracted for executions, and German soldiers stopped spoiling their nerves.
SS Herbalism Training Camp
As a result, the “Travnik SS Training Camp” was created, where collaborators were trained in escorting, shooting, recruiting informants and capos (unarmed prisoners overseers). [2] The commandant of the camp was Karl Streibel .
From September 1941 to September 1942, about 2,500 security guards were trained, most of whom were Soviet prisoners of war . In the autumn of 1942, recruitment of volunteers from the civilian population began. They were mainly young Ukrainians from the western regions of Ukraine : Galicia , Volyn and Podolia , as well as Lublin . In addition to them, the volunteers were Russians , Belarusians , Baltic and "Turkestan" volunteers. There is also information that among them were Latvians , Estonians , Slovaks and Croats . [3]
In September 1943, SS gruppenführer Odilo Globocnik (head of the SS and police in Lublin) reported that 3,700 security guards had been trained. However, there is information on over 4750 identification numbers for the guards from the Travniki camp, issued at the same time. In total in 1941−1944. 5082 "herbalists" were trained. [one]
Famous Herbalists
- Ivan Demyanjuk ;
- Fedor Fedorenko ;
- Yaroslav Bilyanyuk;
- Vladas Zayonchauskas. [one]
- Jacob Paly
See also
- Ukrainian collaboration in World War II
- Capo
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Kuznetsov A. “Travniks” - Ukrainians in the protection of fascist concentration camps // Project “kuzhist.narod.ru” {{v | 06 | 06 | 2013}} (unavailable link) . Date of treatment February 7, 2010. Archived February 3, 2010.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Johnson P. Popular History of the Jews = A History of the Jews / per. from English Zotov I. L. .. - M .: "Veche", 2001. - 672 p. - 7000 copies. - ISBN 5783806684 .
- ↑ Alekseev V. M. The Warsaw Ghetto no longer exists - M .: “Links”, 1998.