Beloborodov, Nikolai Ivanovich

Nikolai was born on February 15 (27), 1828 in Tula. His father, Ivan Matveevich, served as manager of the landlords of the Kologrivovs on the Medvenka estate; mother came from a family of hereditary gunsmiths, she died shortly after the birth of Nicholas. For the study of his son, Ivan Matveyevich hired the clerk of the local parish church, who taught him to read in Church Slavonic . The teaching did not last long, since the father decided that it was enough for the son to be able to sign his surname and somehow understand what was written. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

As a teenager, Beloborodov became interested in dyeing. After the death of his father, Nikolai opened a small dye in the basement of his house. The dyeing workshop provided little money; Beloborodov was constantly in debt. Subsequently, he sold it to purchase harmonics for the orchestra. For his social activities, Nikolai Ivanovich was elected by the philistine elder. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

Nikolay Ivanovich died in 1912 . His funeral turned into a crowded procession. NI Beloborodov was buried in Tula at the All Saints Cemetery .

Family

At 30, N. Beloborodov married the daughter of a Tula gunsmith, Yulia Kozlova. From this marriage, he had two daughters: Sophia and Maria (in marriage - Kuvaldina). ^{[4] [5] [6]}

From the age of 11, Nikolai became interested in playing the accordion , learning to play the single-row diatonic harmonica first, picking up the melodies of some songs by ear. ^{[5] [6] [7]}

Beloborodov had extraordinary abilities, he decided to seriously engage in music and achieved notable success in owning the instrument. Friends of interest gathered in his house - workers of the state-owned factory, harmonious craftsmen. They played together, competed for a replay. The tone of these impromptu rehearsals was invariably set by Nikolai Ivanovich. ^{[4] [5]}

The primitive nature of the harmonies existing at that time sharply limited the performing abilities of Nikolai Ivanovich. He wanted to remake the voices of the instrument so that he could perform classical works. Beloborodov came up with the idea of ​​creating a new harmonic model. ^{[4] [5]}

In the fall of 1875, Nikolai Ivanovich agreed with the harmonious master Leonty Alekseevich Chulkov to manufacture an experimental instrument according to the developed drawings. The Tula diatonic odnoryadka was taken as the basis of a new harmonic, called chromatic. Beloborodov added the second to the first row - with missing half tones. The harmonica keyboard took on new forms borrowed from the piano , but their grouping was different, alternating: after the white key came black. ^[four]

In March 1878, the first in Russia (according to some researchers - the first in the world) chromatic harmonics was constructed. The experience was extremely successful. According to musicologist A. M. Mirek , harmonica was "a real masterpiece compared to others produced at that time . " It was unusually arranged: six rows of slats were placed on a narrow and small case. Three voices sounded simultaneously: two in unison and one in an octave lower. An important role was played by a kind of resonator chamber, in which the refraction of sound waves occurred and new overtones appeared , creating a soft, rich sound. Chromatic harmonics had a significant impact on the development of keyboard reed-pneumatic musical instruments. ^{[4] [5]}

Soon, N.I. Beloborodov ordered two more chromatic harmonics, after the manufacture of which he created a family trio. In addition to Nikolai Ivanovich, his daughters included his daughters Maria and Sophia ^[8] . Successful performances of the trio at various charity events led Nikolai Ivanovich to the idea of ​​the possibility of creating a larger musical group. ^{[4] [5] [9]}

The heyday of the activity of N.I. Beloborodov fell on the 1880-1890s. He left the service and began to study the theory of music and the structure of chords, with an arrangement. In this he was helped by the local bandmasters Sharov and Buzovkin. Nikolai Ivanovich was the first among domestic harmonists to master musical notation. In 1880, commissioned by a Moscow publisher, Beloborodov compiled one of the first teaching aids for teaching the game of chromatic harmonics - “School for chromatic harmony according to N. I. Beloborodov’s system”. Then this manual was released in St. Petersburg , without, however, indicating the name of the author. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

Twice, in 1884 and 1886, a representative of the Austrian company Kalbe, known for producing the best Viennese harmonics, came to N. And Beloborodov with an offer to sell a patent for chromatic harmonics. However, Nikolai Ivanovich, despite the great need for money, did not agree to this proposal, saying to the company representative: “I am a Russian person and I do not sell my invention abroad . ^[6]

In 1885-1886, Beloborodov created the world's first “Orchestra of Chromatic Harmonica Lovers’ Orchestra ”from the workers of the weapons and cartridge factories. Vladimir Petrovich Hegstrom was appointed accompanist . Instruments for practicing the orchestra of different ranges and tones: accordion-piccolo, accordion-bass, accordion-clarinet, accordion-cello, accordion-alt, etc. - Nikolai Ivanovich ordered L.A. Chulkov, as well as the workshops of V.I. Baranov and A.I. Potapov. Beloborodov had no money to create a harmonica orchestra and he mortgaged his house in a bank for 5,000 rubles. Classes of the circle, which lasted several hours and sometimes until late in the evening, were held on Sundays in the house of N.I. Beloborodov, sometimes circle members gathered at Hegstrom’s apartment. Later, authorities allowed them to use the old wooden building of the Noble Assembly. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

The orchestra created by N.I. Beloborodov was the first to play musical scores . With the ensemble of 10-11 people, Beloborodov wrote scores for eight parts, V.P. Hegstrom helped him in this. As a conductor, N.I. Beloborodov was distinguished by exactingness and determination. He persistently sought to ensure that each musical phrase, a separate melody in the performance corresponded to the musical notation and the intention of the composer. ^{[4] [9]}

From the beginning of the 1890s, the musician’s repertoire included such works as Overture for the opera by M. Glinka “Life for the Tsar” , Overture for the opera by F. Herold “Tsampa”, Overture for the operetta F. Zuppe “The Queen of Spades”, waltzes I. Strauss , other classical things, marches , waltzes, folk songs “Along Pavement Street”, “Kamarinskaya” and others. N. I. Beloborodov was not only the first teacher teaching the game of chromatic harmony, he was also the first to compose music for chromatic harmony and arrange arrangements for the orchestra he created . Among his works, the quadrille “Hunting”, “Polka-Fantasy” and other things. ^{[4] [5] [7]}

In 1893, N. I. Beloborodov, in collaboration with I. S. Ivanova, published in St. Petersburg, "A self-instruction manual, a complete, newly refined, highly understandable practical school for chromatic harmonics." In the preface, the publisher wrote about the merits of the author of the textbook:

Among the connoisseurs of mastery of harmonists was L.N. Tolstoy , before whom the orchestra musicians performed in the summer of 1893 at Beloborodov's dacha near Kosaya Gora . ^[four]

On February 22, 1897, in the small hall of the Noble Assembly of Tula, the first public performance of the Beloborodov Orchestra took place, after which he regularly performed concerts in Kaluga , Serpukhov , Aleksin , Efremov , Orel , Voronezh and other cities. ^{[4] [6] [9]}

At the end of 1902, N. I. Beloborodov handed his conductor’s stick with the inscription “In good memory” to Vladimir Hegstrom, who organized a new orchestra in 1903. ^{[4] [7] [9]}

On February 14, 1907, N. I. Beloborodov was elected an honorary member of the "First Russian Society of Chromatic Harmonica Lovers". ^{[4] [5] [6]}

• Compositions for harmonica orchestra:
  • Polka "Fantasy",
  • Quadrille “Hunting”,
  • Waltz et al.
• Compositions on the teaching methodology:
  • School for chromatic harmonics according to the system of N. I. Beloborodov. - ed. Kulikova: M., 1880.
  • Beloborodov N.I., Ivanova I.S. Self-teacher, a complete, newly improved, highly understandable practical school for chromatic harmonics. - St. Petersburg, 1893.

• Since 1991, in Tula, a contest of young performers on the accordion accordion, named after Nikolai Ivanovich Beloborodov, has been held. In 1995, the competition received international status. In April 2010, the VIII contest took place. ^{[10] [11]}
• From the history of the competition to them. N. I. Beloborodova
• On March 25, 1995, the memorial museum of N. I. Beloborodov was opened in Tula.
• Since 2003, Tula has hosted Beloborodov musical local history readings, the topics of which are related to musical local history, work experience and prospects for the development of musical museums in Russia. ^[12]
• Tulatelecom OJSC issued a service telephone card from the series “Our Countrymen” dedicated to N. I. Beloborodov.

• Tula accordion (neopr.) . “The Story of One Thing” ( My Joy channel) (September 24, 2009). Date of treatment May 13, 2012. Archived May 27, 2012.

• Beloborodov Nikolai Ivanovich // Tula Biographical Dictionary (In 2 volumes). T. 1. A - L / Editorial: A.D. Afanasyev, V.I. Bot and others; Ed. V.I. Krutikova. - Tula: Publishing house "Relight", 1996. - S. 52.
• Blagodatov G.I. Russian Harmonica - L .: Muzgiz, 1960 .-- S. 16-17, 41-43. - 184 p.
• Imkhanitsky M.I. What is the significance of N.I. Beloborodova? // History of accordion and accordion art. - M .: RAM them. Gnesins, 2006 .-- S. 157-164. - 520 s.
• Sound, accordion, for all ages! A collection of articles about N.I. Beloborodov and his name contest.- Tula, 2000.- 136 p.
• Kamolikov A. A. Creator of the folk orchestra (N. I. Beloborodov) // Shadows of the ancient cemetery - All-Holy Necropolis in Tula (continued) / Ch. ed. M.V. Mayorov .-- Tula, 2013 .-- S. 218-221.
• Kulikov N. M. School for chromatic harmonics according to the system of N. I. Beloborodov. - M., 1880. - 23 p. [one]
• Maksimov E.I. The first Russian orchestra of chromatic harmonics N.I. Beloborodov // Orchestras and ensembles of Russian folk instruments. - M .: Soviet composer. 1983. - S. 47-58. - 152 p.
• Maksimov E.I. Nikolay Ivanovich Beloborodov // Russian musicians-nuggets ... V.V. Andreev, N.I. Beloborodov, O. U. Smolensky, P.E. Nevsky, B.I. Troyanovsky: Facts, documents, memoirs . - M.: Soviet composer, 1987. - S. 94-118. - 200 p.
• Mirek A.M. Beloborodovskaya harmonica // Handbook of harmonics. - M .: Music, 1968. - S. 62-66. - 131 p.
• Mirek A.M. Beloborodov harmonica // ... And the harmonica sounds. - M .: Soviet composer, 1979. - S. 37-40. - 176 p.
• Mirek A.M. First Orchestra of Chromatic Harmonics // From the History of Accordion and Button Accordion. - M .: Music, 1967. - From 62-71. - 196 p.
• Mirek A.M. Harmonica. Past and present. Scientific historical encyclopedic book. - M .: 1994.
• Petukhov A.A. Creator of chromatic harmonics // Pride of the Tula land (Wonderful people of our region). - T. II / Comp. S. D. Oshevsky. - Tula: Prioksk. Prince Publishing House, 1991 .-- S. 253—259.
• Chinkov I.I. Tula button accordion. - Tula: Prioksky Book Publishing House, 1992.
• Beloborodov N.I. // Great Russian Encyclopedia. Volume 3. - M., 2005 .-- S. 226.

• Nikolai Ivanovich Beloborodov // av-belousov.narod.ru