Written monuments from the VI century (primarily Byzantine Greek-speaking: Procopius of Caesarea , the "Strategicon" of Mauritius, as well as the Latin-speaking historian Gordan is ready) speak steadily about the Slavs , neighbors and the frequent military opponents of Byzantium . In the Byzantine monuments, the Greek version of the name of the Slavs, ed. h. σκλαβηνός, which was later borrowed in European languages in various transformations.
The pre-Slavic form of the ethnonym is reconstructed as * slověnin , pl. * slověne . In proper Slavic sources, the use of the term words is not applicable to all Slavic tribes from the Middle Ages (for example, The Tale of Bygone Years ).
The origin of the name of the Slavs, according to L. Niederle , remains unclear [1] . There are a number of versions of the etymology of the word.
The name of the Slavs in Greek sources
To the east of the above-mentioned tribes live: below the Wends - the Galindians (Galidans), the Judges and the Alans; below their igillions, then Kostobok and transmontans (Zagoras) to the Pevkin Mountains.
Claudius Ptolemy , Guide to Geography, III, V, 21 [2]
Both of them [Ants and Slavs] have the same language, quite barbaric. <...> And once even the name among the Slavs and Ants was one and the same. In ancient times, both of these tribes were called spores ("scattered"), I think because they lived occupying the country of "sporadic", "scattered", separate villages. Therefore, they need to occupy a lot of land. They live, occupying most of the banks of Istra, on the other side of the river.
Procopius of Caesarea , War with the Goths, VII, 14, 26-30 [3]
But how could it be that the sklavins and fisonites in another belt, also called danuvii, are the first to eat female breasts when they are full of milk, and breast babies [at the same time] break up on stones like mice , while the latter abstain even from the generally accepted and flawless meat-eating? The former live in obstinacy, waywardness, lack of authority, killing all the time, [whether at a joint meal or on a joint trip, their leader and boss, eating foxes, and forest cats, and wild boars, echoing the wolf howl. The latter refrain from gluttony, but obey and obey everyone.
Pseudo-Caesarea , Answers to Questions (PK, 302) [4]
Although their names now change according to different clans and places, still they are mainly called sklaves and ants. Sklaven live from the city of Novietuna and the lake called Mursian to Danastra and north to Viskla; instead of cities, they have swamps and forests.
Jordan , On the Origin and Acts of the Getae , 34–35 [5]
The first mention of the name “Slavs” in the form of “ sklavina ” ( cf. Gr. Σκλάβηνοι , Σκλαύηνοι , Σκλάβινοι and Latin SCLAVENI , SCLAVINIAE ) was attributed by scientists to the VI century BC. e. (in the writings of Pseudo-Caesarea [6] , Procopius of Caesarea and Jordan [5] ) [7] .
A number of researchers ( M. V. Lomonosov [8] , P. Y. Shafarik [9] , I. E. Zabelin [10] [11] , D. A. Machinsky [12] , M. A. Tikhanova [13] ) expressed the opinion on the identity of the “stavans” Σταυανοί [14] , mentioned in the “ Claudius Ptolemy 's Guide to Geography ”, to the Slavs [15] .
O. N. Trubachev considers the term “stavans” - tracing paper from the self-name of the Slavs ( Indo-Iranian . * Stavana- means “praised”).
P. Y. Shafarik suggested that the spelling of the ethnonym was mistaken and should be read not as Σταυανοί (staged), but as * Στλαυανοί (* chaplain). This version was supported by A. Ya. Garkavi , G. Lovmyansky , V.V. Ivanov , V.N. Toporov , M.A. Tikhanova and D.A. Machinsky . The hypothetical Slavic word ** stlava or ** stlava can mean “lined”, “scattered”, “scattered”, and the word Σπόροι (disputes or disputes ) Procopius of Caesarea , which has a similar meaning, in this case, is a tracing-paper of a hypothetical Slavic word [16 ] . However, such a hypothetical word did not exist in the Pre-Slavic language [17] .
All this aggravates the first mention of the Slavs until the II century BC. e. [11] [18] [19] .
Hypotheses
From Pra-Indo-European * ḱleu̯-
Two overlapping versions of the origin of words or fame from words that go back both to the same Indo-European root ḱleu̯ - “hear” [20] [21] are quite popular.
Often the etymology of self-name is associated with the word word . Thus, words are not people who speak “words” (that is, “in our way”). Compared with this, the name of non-Slavic (that is, foreign-speaking tribes) is Nemtsi “dumb”. The self-name of the Albanians of the same origin is shqiptarët (“speaking clearly”) [21] . In addition, in the meaning of "people" the word ѩzyкъ ("language") was used.
According to another version, the etymology of self-name goes back to fame . Thus, the self-name “Slavs” is “glorious,” “famous people,” that is, the people you hear about, the rumors speak of, and glory goes about [21] . This point of view, popular in the 16th – 19th centuries [22] , now actually has no adherents among linguists; Common Slavic is precisely the vowing of s - o -, while the vowing of s - a - is the result of a secondary rendezvous with the word glory from the 16th — 17th centuries. and under some influence of Greek and Latin [21] [22] .
Both of the above etymologies were rejected by many authors on the grounds that the ethnonyms on - ѣnot , - yane are almost always associated with toponyms, and not with abstract concepts [21] [23] . Her supporters (R. Jacobson, O. N. Trubachev) indicate the presence of formations that are correlated with verbs: dr. bҍglyanin , bҍzhanin “fugitive”, klitschinin “hunter raising the game with a cry”, fisherman “hunter”, luzhanin “layman”, pirginin “participant of the feast”, poulchanin “warrior”, ҍmiꙖinin “household, servant”, turgenzhan “ 24 tradesman” ] .
O. N. Trubachev believes that * slověnin should be derived not from * slovo the "word", because then the basis of * sloves- would be expected, but from * sluti (1 person unit * slovǫ ) "(understandably) to say, to be called out loud ” [19] .
L. Moshinsky separates the suffix * -ěn- in * slověninъ from * -ěn - / * - jan- in ottoponymic formations and correlates it with the formant * -ěn - / * - an - / * - en- in words like * bratanъ / * bratěnú / * bratenú , * sestraná / * sestrěnú / * sestrenú , * pátaná / * pátěná / * pútená , which served to form the names of descendants. Thus, according to Moshinsky, the internal form of the word * slověninъ is “sister in language, a child of the same language” [25] .
From * (s) -lau̯- “people”
According to this version, the name is associated with the Indo-European word * s-lau̯-os, which means "people", cf. Greek λᾱός (where there is no Indo-European mobile s ); I. Y. Mikkola [21] and S. B. Bernstein [21] were supporters of this point of view.
Toponymic Origin
The compatibility of the suffix - Yane mainly with toponyms or landscape names ( Polyana, Drevlyane, Kyyane, Buzhani ) led many linguists to a version about a similar origin of the name of the Slavs. In this case, it is possible that this is the name of one Slavic tribe, which later spread to all nations (cf. specific tribal ethnonyms in words -: Slovaks , Slovenes , Slovinians , Ilmen Slovenes ). The concrete toponym cannot be reliably identified, probably this is the name of the river; Wed Slovutich - the poetic name of the Dnieper ; Sluya , Polish. names of the rivers Sɫawa, Sɫawica , Serbian Slavnitsa . These hydronyms date back to the Indo-European root * ḱleu̯- with the meaning “wash”, “cleanse” [21] . The Lithuanian village Šlavė́nai on the Šlavė̃ river was mentioned as an exact etymological parallel to the word “word”, formed from hydronym [21] .
Critics of the hypothesis indicate the absence of such a toponym to which the name of the Slavs could be uniquely associated. L. Moshinsky also writes that it is impossible to imagine that the name of topographic origin after the Slavs were resettled was preserved along with other topographic names, that is, that the same tribe called itself the Vishlyans (living along the Vistula River) and the Slavs (living according to the Word ) [26] .
On behalf of * Slověnъ
The American Slavicist Horas Lant, based on the fact that the word form was fixed earlier than the word form, the word e (for the first time only in the middle of the XIV century), proposed the * slověnji form with the meaning "group (tribe) under the leadership of Sloven". The name Slovѣn (ran. Praslav. * Slow-ēn-as ) is derived from praslav. * slow- (< pra-i.e. * ḱleu̯- ) and the adjective suffix -ēn-, so the name means “glory-covered, glorious” [27] .
Non-Academic Hypotheses
Also, the name of the Slavs was associated with the words: "servant", Gothic. slavan "keep quiet", lit. salava "island", praslav. * slova / * sloba "freedom", with the names -slav , * slov "slow", * slov "hill", pronoun * slob - / * slov - / * selb - / * selv- [28] .
The name of the Slavs and the meaning of "slave" in some languages
According to one version, from the tribal name of the Slavs in the Greek language the name of the slave was also formed - the New Greek σκλάβος [21] . In the Greek language, the word σκλάβος "slave", or similar meanings, is not fixed, it means only the name of the Slavic people. In this case, indeed, Slavic captives in the early Middle Ages often became the object of the Byzantine, German and Arab slave trade [29] , a significant percentage of the captives are due, in particular, to the fact that the Slavs are the most numerous people in Europe [30] .
According to another version, the word σκλάβος in the Greek language comes from the Greek verb σκυλεύο - meaning "to obtain trophies", the first person singular looks like σκυλάο [31] [32] According to this version, the Slavs self-name and the Greek Greek “slave” "Coincided phonetically purely by accident.
From the Greek comes the Late Latin word sclavus “slave”, which through medieval Latin spreads into many Western European languages, forming the German Sklave, Italian schiavo (and further - interjection ciao ), Portuguese escravo, French esclave, English slave, etc.
In the XVIII — XIX centuries. in Western European journalism, the erroneous point of view was popular, according to which, on the contrary, the word "Slav" comes from a word with the meaning "slave"; controversy with this myth is found in the “Diary of a Writer” by F. M. Dostoevsky [33] .
Notes
- ↑ Niederlé L. Slavic antiquities. / Translation from Czech T. Kovaleva and M. Khazanov. Foreword prof. P.N. Tretyakova. Edited by A. L. Mongait. - M .: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1956. - S. 42.
- ↑ Procopius of Caesarea,. Guide to geography (excerpts). // Ancient geography. Book to read. / Comp. prof. M.S. Bodnarsky , trans. with Greek. S.K. Apta , V.V. Latysheva . - M .: State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, 1953. - S. 321.
- ↑ Procopius of Caesarea,. The war with the Goths. / Per. with Greek. S.P. Kondratiev , entry article by Z. V. Udaltsova , resp. ed. E.A. Kosminsky . - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - S. 297-298.
- ↑ Pseudo-Caesarea. // Codex of the oldest written news about the Slavs. / Compiled by L. A. Gindin , S. A. Ivanov, G. G. Litavrin , resp. Editors L. A. Gindin (philology), G. G. Litavrin (history). - Ed. 2nd edition .. - M .: Publishing company "Oriental literature" RAS, 1994. - T. I (I — VI centuries). - S. 254. - ISBN 5-02-017849-2 .
- ↑ 1 2 Iordanis . De origine actibusque Getarum, (Iord. Get. 34–35) // On the origin and deeds of the Getae: Getica. / Entry. Art., trans., comment. E. Ch. Skrzhinsky . - 2nd ed., Rev. and additional .. - St. Petersburg. : Aletheia, 2001. - P. 128. - (Byzantine Library). - ISBN 5-89329-030-1 .
- ↑ Riedinger R. Pseudo-Kaisarios: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Verfasserfrage. - München: CH Beck, 1969 .-- S. 302. - (Byzantinisches Archiv, Heft 12).
- ↑ Moszyński L. Wstęp do filologii słowiańskiej. - 2 wyd. zmien. - Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 2006 .-- S. 206. - ISBN 8-301-14720-2 .
- ↑ Klyuchevsky V.O. Lectures on Russian historiography. Lecture III. Historical views of M.V. Lomonosov. // Works in nine volumes. / Ed. V. L. Yanina ; After and comments. composed by R. A. Kireev, V. A. Alexandrov and V. G. Zimin. - M .: Thought, 1989 .-- T. VII. Special courses (continued). - S. 197. - ISBN 5-244-00072-1 , ISBN 5-244-00413-1 .
- ↑ Shafarik P.Y. Detachment II. Dwellings and dѣyanіya ancient Slavs. § 10. Vtvi Slavyan in the land of Vindov or Serbov. // Slavic antiquity. / Per. from Czech O. Bodyansky . - Ed. 2nd, rev. - M .: In the University Typography, 1847. - T. I-st, Book I-I. The part is historical. - S. 363.
- ↑ Zabulin I.Ye. History of Russian life in the oldest times. Part One - M .: Printing house Gracheva and K., at the Prechistensky century., Shilova village, 1876. - S. 277—278.
- ↑ 1 2 Zabѣlin I. E. The history of Russian life since ancient times. Part two. - M .: [b. and.], 1879. - S. 8.
- Č Mačinskij DA Die älteste zuverlässige urkundliche Erwähnung der Slawen und der Versuch, sie mit den archäologischen Daten zu vergleichen. // Universitas Comeniana Bratislavensis. Facultas Philosophica. Ethnologia Slavica. - 1974. - T. VI . - S. 56.
- ↑ Machinsky D.A., Tikhanova M.A. On habitats and directions of movement of the Slavs of the 1st – 8th centuries n e. // Acta archaeologica carpathica. - 1976. - T. XVI . - S. 70.
- ↑ Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος . Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις. Βιβλίου γ. Κεφ. έ. 21 (Ptol. 3.5.21) // Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia / Ed. Carolus Friedricus Augustus Nobbe. - editio stereotipa. - Lipsiae: Sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii, 1843. - T. I. - S. 171.
- ↑ Shuvalov Peter Valerievich . (St. Petersburg) Paleography of tablets from Vindolanda and the ethnonym “* s <t / l> avans” // APPEARANCE OF LITERATURE AND EARLY LETTER FUNCTIONS (ANCIENT AND MIDDLE AGES), February 26-27, 2018. Institute of World History, RAS
- ↑ Alexandrov A. A. About the name of Prince Svyatoslav on the press of the X century // Cyril and Methodius traditions in Pskov: materials of the round table on May 19, 2011 in the Pskov Regional Universal Scientific Library. Pskov, 2011.
- ↑ Fasmer: stele
- ↑ Trubachev O. N. Old Scythia ”(Αρχαίη Σκυθίη) of Herodotus (IV, 99) and the Slavs: Linguistic aspect // Questions of linguistics. - 1979. - No. 4 . - S. 41 .
- ↑ 1 2 Trubachev, O. N. From studies on the Pre-Slavic word formation: the genesis of the model in -ěninъ, - * janin // Etymology 1980: Yearbook. - M .: Publishing House "Science", 1982. - S. 12-13 .
- ↑ Indo-European etymology
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Slav // Etymological dictionary of the Russian language = Englisches etymologisches Wörterbuch : in 4 volumes / aut.-status. M. Fasmer ; per. with him. and add. Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences O. N. Trubacheva , ed. and with the foreword. prof. B. A. Larina [vol. I]. - Ed. 2nd, erased - M .: Progress , 1986-1987.
- ↑ 1 2 A. Mylnikov. The picture of the Slavic world: a view from Eastern Europe: Representations of ethnic nomination and ethnicity of the 16th - early 18th centuries. - St. Petersburg: Petersburg Oriental Studies, 1999. - S. 22–35. - ISBN 5-85803-117-X .
- ↑ Niederlé L. Slavic antiquities. - M., 1956 .-- S. 41.
- ↑ Trubachev, O. N. From studies on the Pre-Slavic word formation: the genesis of the model in -ěninъ, * * janin // Etymology 1980: Yearbook. - M .: Publishing House "Science", 1982. - S. 11-12 .
- ↑ Moszyński L. Czy Słowianie to rzeczywiście nomen originis // Z polskich studiów slawistycznych. - 1978. - S. 505 .
- ↑ Moszyński L. Czy Słowianie to rzeczywiście nomen originis // Z polskich studiów slawistycznych. - 1978. - S. 500 .
- ↑ Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic grammar. - 7., rev. ed .. - Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001. - ISBN 3-11-016284-9 .
- ↑ Moszyński L. Czy Słowianie to rzeczywiście nomen originis // Z polskich studiów slawistycznych. - 1978. - S. 499 .
- ↑ Nazarenko A.V. Ancient Russia on international routes. - M., 2001 - S. 91, 94-95, with references to literature.
- ↑ Dmitry Oleinikov. Book - wormwood // History of Russia in small peas. - M., 1998 .-- S. 149.
- ↑ F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 2002, siehe Sklave. (Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, 2002, article "Sklave".)
- ↑ Köbler, Gerhard, Deutsches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1995. (Etymological Dictionary of the German Language by G. Köbler, 1995). Sklave article: “... zu gr. skyleuein, skylan, V. zu gr. skylon. "
- ↑ Dostoevsky F.M. Complete Works: in 30 volumes - M., 1990. - T. 23. - P. 63, 382.
Literature
- Moszyński L. Czy Słowianie to rzeczywiście nomen originis // Z polskich studiów slawistycznych. - 1978. - S. 499-507 .
- Trubachev, O. N. From studies on the Pre-Slavic word-formation: the genesis of the model on -ěninъ, * * janin // Etymology 1980: Yearbook. - M .: Publishing House "Science", 1982. - S. 3-15 .