Nikolai Nikolayevich Nikulin ( April 7, 1923 , the village of Pogorelka, now Rybinsk District , Yaroslavl Region - March 19, 2009 , St. Petersburg ) - Soviet and Russian art historian , professor , memoirist. Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Arts , leading researcher and member of the Academic Council of the Hermitage , specialist in painting of the Northern Renaissance . Widely known as the author of the book “Memoirs of the war” [1] [2] .
| Nikolai Nikolaevich Nikulin | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Date of Birth | ||||||||||||||||||
| Place of Birth | Pogorelka village, Mologsky district , Yaroslavl province , USSR (now: Rybinsk district , Yaroslavl region , Russia ) | |||||||||||||||||
| Date of death | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Scientific field | art history | |||||||||||||||||
| Place of work | State Hermitage Museum | |||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | ||||||||||||||||||
| Academic degree | Ph.D. in History of Arts | |||||||||||||||||
| Academic rank | Professor , Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Arts | |||||||||||||||||
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Biography
Born on April 7, 1923 in the village of Pogorelka, Mologsky district, Yaroslavl province, in a teacher's family. In 1927, the Nikulins settled in Leningrad , Nikolai attended school at the Moika [3] .
In 1941 he graduated from school (ten classes), on June 27, 1941 he volunteered for the Leningrad militia , but was sent to a radio school. After graduating and receiving the rank of junior sergeant, in November 1941 he was sent to the Volkhov Front as a radiotelephone operator in the division of the 883th corps artillery regiment (from March 24, 1942 it was transformed into the 13th guards cannon artillery regiment ). It took part in the offensive from Volkhovstroy , in the most difficult battles near Kirishi, near Pogost , in the Pogostinsky bag (Smerdynia), in breaking through and lifting the blockade of Leningrad .
The attacks in Pogost continued their course. The surrounding forest resembled an old comb: the sharp teeth of trunks broken by shells jutted out unevenly. Fresh snow had time to blacken during the day from the explosions. And we all attacked, and with the same success. The rear guards dressed in brand new little white fur coats, taken from the Siberians from the replenishment, who had fallen, still not having reached the front line, from shelling. Trophy teams from the old men tirelessly crawled around the battlefield at night, picking up weapons that they somehow cleaned, repaired and handed over to the new arrivals. Everything went on the conveyor belt [4] .
- From the book of N. N. Nikulin
After being wounded in the summer of 1943, he fell into the infantry . As part of the 1st battalion of the 1067th infantry regiment of the 311st infantry division, he participated in the unsuccessful Mginsky offensive operation ; graduated from divisional sniper courses, but due to a lack of sergeants he was appointed commander of the submachine gun’s division, and after the death of the squad, as an artilleryman, he was the gunner of a captured 37 mm German gun (after losing the standard 45 mm gun ) to the battalion battery. Refused to join the CPSU (b) [5] . He was wounded and after treatment from September 1943 he again fought in heavy artillery , as a senior radio telegraphist in the 1st battery of the 48th Guards Heavy Howitzer Destruction Brigade [6] (was part of the 2nd artillery breakout division of the RGK [7] ).
He participated in the battles for the Medved station, the cities of Pskov (breakthrough of the Panther line ), Tartu , Libau . In the summer of 1944 he received two medals “For Courage” [* 1] for maintaining communication from infantry and NP battle formations to batteries, eliminating wire ruptures under fire and adjusting fire [9] . After being wounded in August 1944, he served as foreman of a separate medical unit in the same 2nd artillery division, which at the beginning of 1945 was transferred to Warsaw , from where it moved to Danzig .
He was wounded four times, shell-shocked [6] . From November 1941 until the fourth wound in August 1944, he was constantly at the forefront (with interruptions in the treatment of wounds). He ended the war in Berlin with the rank of sergeant guard [5] [8] . May 28, 1945 was awarded the Order of the Red Star [* 2] [11] .
Demobilized due to the presence of wounds in November 1945 [5] . In 1950 he graduated with honors from the History Department of Leningrad State University . Studied with art historian N. N. Punin .
Since 1949, he worked as a tour guide in the Hermitage . In 1955 he became a researcher in the department of Western European art, where he worked for more than 50 years. A student of the Hermitage scientist V.F. Levinson-Lessing, together with whom he worked on the first scientific catalog of the Flemish primitives, published in Brussels (1965). In 1957, at the Hermitage he graduated from graduate school and defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of art history [8] .
Since 1965 he taught at the Institute of I.E. Repin . The professor , head of the department of the history of European art of the XV — XVIII centuries, taught a number of special courses: “ Bosch Creativity”, “ Brueghel 's Creativity”, “Dutch Painting of the 15th Century”, was engaged in the preparation of graduate students .
Since 1991 - Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Arts . Leading researcher and member of the Academic Council of the State Hermitage , curator of the collection of Dutch painting of the 15th-16th centuries. For many years he was also the keeper of German painting of the XV — XVIII centuries. Author of over one hundred and sixty articles in Russian and foreign scientific journals , books, catalogs, textbooks and teaching aids.
People pass on the memory of the war of the Hermitage keeper Nikolai Nikulin from hand to hand and download it on the Internet, heatedly argue, cry and admit that they had a revolution in consciousness [12] .
And yet, I repeat, the main event of recent years, if we continue the military theme, is “Memoirs of the War” by Nikolai Nikolayevich Nikulin. It is no coincidence that they were in my memory the only book of the past decade, which was difficult, almost impossible, to buy. It seemed that in our times there was no absolute abundance of book deficit. But the book of the St. Petersburg art historian, published in a small print run at the State Hermitage Publishing House, was immediately sold out. At the Non-Fairs fair in Moscow, the publisher’s stand only shook their heads in dismay: “Nikulin? Yesterday it ended ... Come visit us in St. Petersburg, there is something else left in our kiosks ... ”At the Hermitage, intelligent sellers shook their hands:“ For a long time already ... Wait for a new edition, it seems they promised ... ”At last year’s Non-fiction, everything repeated: second The publication was sold out in the first two days. A rumor passed - Nikulin is in the "Phalanster", when they reached the "Phalanster" they said that they were no longer there. There were no promotions, advertisements, "promotion". They learned about the book in the old way: from friends and acquaintances, unless virtual acquaintances and friends were added here [13] .
In his free time he was fond of books and ancient music. In 1975, he wrote memoirs of the Great Patriotic War , which caused a wide public outcry after their publication in 2007 [13] .
He died on March 19, 2009 in St. Petersburg [8] .
Books
- Nikulin N., Rusakov Yu. The State Hermitage Museum / The Hermitage Museum / Musee de L'Ermitage. - L .: Publishing House of the State Hermitage Museum, 1961.
- Nikulin N. Details of the paintings of the Hermitage. Western European painting of the XV — XVI centuries. - L .: Aurora, 1970.
- Nikulin N. Dutch painting of the XV — XVI centuries in the Hermitage. Essay guide. - L .: Aurora, 1973.
- Nikulin N. Dutch painting of the XV — XVI centuries in the Hermitage. - L .: Art, Aurora, 1980.
- Nikulin N. The Golden Age of Dutch Painting. XV century. - M .: Fine Arts, 1981.
- Nikulin N. Hermitage. The art of the Netherlands of the XV — XVI centuries. - M .: Art, 1984; - 2 ed. - 1987.
- Nikulin N. Dutch painting of the XV — XVI centuries in the collection of the State Hermitage. - M .: Visual Arts, 1988. - ISBN 5-85200-099-X .
- Nikulin N. German and Austrian painting of the XV — XVIII centuries. Hermitage. - L .: Art-SPb, 1989. - ISBN 5-210-00039-7 ; - 2 ed. - 1992. - ISBN 5-210-02189-0 .
- Nikulin N. Jacob Philipp Hackert / Jacob Philipp Hackert. - SPb. : Publishing House of the State Hermitage Museum, - 1998. - ISBN 5-88654-080-6 .
- Nikulin N. The Golden Age of Dutch Painting. XV century. - M .: AST, 1999. - ISBN 5-237-03603-1 .
- Nikulin N. The Raphael Loggias in the Hermitage. - SPb. : Publishing House of the State Hermitage, 2005. - ISBN 5-93572-162-7 .
- Nikulin N. Rogier fan der Weyden. Luke painting the Madonna. - SPb. : Arch, 2007. - ISBN 978-5-91208-009-8 .
War Memories Book
In 1975 [* 3] wrote the book “Memories of the War” , which was first published only in 2007 by the State Hermitage Publishing House [* 4] [1] .
... I turned to paper to scrape out from the back streets of memory the deep-seated abomination, turbidity and disgust there, in order to free myself from the memories that oppressed me ...
... War is the greatest disgrace that the human race has ever invented ... war has always been a meanness, and an army, an instrument of murder, is an instrument of evil. No, and there were no just wars, all of them, no matter how they were justified, are inhuman ...
... One must think that this selection of the Russian people is a time bomb: it will explode in several generations, in the XXI or XXII century, when the mass of scum selected and cherished by the Bolsheviks will give rise to new generations of their own kind ...
[five]
- From the book of N. N. Nikulin
After the first edition, the book was reprinted several times. Despite the genre of “ memoirs ”, emphasized by a straightforward title, it is considered by literary scholars as part of “modern military prose”, and its author as a writer, along with the author of the novel “ Cursed and Killed, ” Victor Astafyev [2] .
Correspondence with Vasil Bykov
In 1996, N. N. Nikulin sent the manuscript to Vasily Bykov . A correspondence ensued between them. From Bykov's letters:
Dear, dear Nikulin!
It was not easy to read - as much as you dumped our terrible war, which in general has already begun to be forgotten. Even its participants. ... I read with a constant feeling of regret that this book was not published, that it was only a manuscript for her. Although it’s clear, of course: when could this be published? More recently, this did not come back from editorial offices and publishers (transferred to the KGB), but now - who needs it? Publishers are concerned only with one thing - income, and literature of this kind of income does not give ...
... Of course, the truth about the war has not been realized either by science or art - the main and the main one, apparently, will go into oblivion. Young generations, of course, are head over heels in their own problems, and the old ones, those on their shoulders bore the brunt of the war? I’m afraid that these not only do not contribute to revealing the truth and justice of the war, but vice versa - now they are most concerned about how to hide the truth, replace it with propaganda mythologization, where they are heroes and nothing else ... [4]
Reviews
Quiet and sophisticated professor, corresponding member of the Academy of Fine Arts acts as a tough and cruel memoirist. He wrote a book about the war. The book is harsh and scary. Reading it hurts. It hurts because it has a very unpleasant truth [14] .
- M. Piotrovsky
Nikolai Nikolaevich performed the usual feat in the highest, Christian sense of the word. He told compatriots the Truth. He wrote a small book, after the publication of which its readers became other people. ... To admit Nikulin was right was to admit all existing, still stubbornly imposed, ideas about the past war, which has now been declared the main ideological symbol, by lying and unscrupulous. Nikulin clearly showed: the Soviet government fought against an external enemy so that it turned the “holy war” into a mass extermination of the Russian people in the name of saving the party nomenclature [15] .
- K. Alexandrov
In my opinion, this is a unique work, it is difficult to find similar ones in military libraries. It is remarkable not only for literary virtues, which I, not being a literary critic, can not objectively judge, how accurate to naturalism are the descriptions of military events, revealing the disgusting essence of the war with its brutal inhumanity, filth, senseless cruelty, and criminal neglect of people living by commanders of all ranks from battalion commanders to the supreme commander. This is a document for those historians who study not only troop movements in theaters of military operations, but are also interested in the moral and humanistic aspects of the war [16] .
- D. Lomonosov [17]
The story of Nikulin’s book alone showed that the Second World War didn’t cease to be “an occasion for empathy”. On the contrary, it revealed a huge social need to fill in the real gaps and memory gaps, to overcome understatement [13] .
- O. Lebedushkina
Reviews
- Kurchatova N. Our bayonets at the heights of Sinyavin, our regiments under Mgoy // Expert. Online - September 5, 2011.
- Lebedushkina O. Memory as an interrupted silence / Repentance and forgiveness. Literature as a work of memory and oblivion. Notes on various occasions // Friendship of Peoples . - 2011. - No. 5.
Rewards
- Order of the Patriotic War I degree (1985) [* 5] [19]
- Order of the Red Star (May 28, 1945) [6]
- Two medals “ For Courage ” (June 29 and August 14, 1944)
- Medal "For the Defense of Leningrad"
- Medal "For the Liberation of Warsaw"
- Medal "For the capture of Berlin"
- Medal "For the victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
- Veteran of Labor Medal
- Anniversary medals
Family
- Father - Nikulin Nikolay Aleksandrovich (1886-1931), a native of Belgorod , graduated from the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University and then entered the law department; in World War I he served as a medical assistant , then worked as a teacher in Rybinsk and the surrounding area, where his wife's family came from [3] .
- Mother - Nikulina (Vaulina) Lidia Sergeevna (1886-1978), a graduate of the Bestuzhev courses .
- Wife - Grigoryeva Irina Sergeevna (born in 1930), head of the drawing department in the department of the history of Western European art at the Hermitage.
- Son - Nikulin Vladimir Nikolaevich (born in 1959), an employee of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences .
- Daughter - Nikulina Lidiya Nikolaevna (born in 1961).
- Four grandchildren [8] .
Notes
- ↑ In one case, it was originally presented to the Order of the Red Star . For the battles in 1941, 1942 and 1943 he received only the medal "For the Defense of Leningrad" [8] .
- ↑ For service in the sanrot, he was introduced to the medal “For Military Merit” , the award was raised by the division commander, probably taking into account the entire military past [10] .
- ↑ The book contains inserts related to the 2000s [5] .
- ↑ Some novels from the book were published earlier on the pages of newspapers [14] .
- ↑ In the anniversary year of 1985, direct participants in the war who were injured in battles and awarded during the war with any order of the USSR or one of the medals specified by decree, including the medal “For Courage”, were awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree [18] .
Sources
- ↑ 1 2 Irina Shcherbakova . Nikolay Nikulin. Memories of the War Archived April 2, 2015 at Wayback Machine // History Lessons. XX century. - April 5, 2010. (Retrieved March 11, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 Ravil Nurgaleev . The university discussed modern military prose Archival copy of April 2, 2015 on the Wayback Machine // Official site of the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmullah . - February 18, 2015. (Retrieved March 11, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 Ilya Doronchenkov. Nikolai Nikolaevich Nikulin (1923-2009) Archived copy of October 6, 2014 at the Wayback Machine / Faculty of Theory and History of Art // Russian Academy of Arts . - 2012. (Retrieved March 14, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 German machine gunners went crazy // Novaya Gazeta . - March 10, 2010. (Retrieved March 13, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Nikolay Nikulin . Memories of the war . - 2 ed. - SPb. : State Hermitage Publishing House, 2008. (Retrieved March 12, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Award sheet of N. N. Nikulin // Public electronic document bank “Feat of the People in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. ": S. 1. and S. 2 .. (Retrieved March 11, 2015)
- ↑ Alexander Rosencrantz . On the other side stood the Americans and the British // Аinros.ru. (Retrieved March 12, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Nikulin Nikolay Nikolaevich // Walk of Fame. (Retrieved March 11, 2015)
- ↑ Card of the recipient of the medal “For Courage”. Nikulin Nikolay Nikolaevich // Public electronic document bank “Feat of the People in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” . (Retrieved March 14, 2015)
- ↑ Award sheet of N. N. Nikulin // Public electronic document bank “Feat of the People in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. ": S. 1. and S. 2 .. (Retrieved March 11, 2015)
- ↑ Award sheet of N. N. Nikulin // Public electronic document bank “Feat of the People in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” : P. 1. and C. 2 .. (Retrieved March 11, 2015)
- ↑ Nadezhda Kurchatova . Our bayonets at the heights of Sinyavin, our regiments under Mgoy // Expert. Online - September 5, 2011. (Retrieved March 13, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Olga Lebёdushkina . Repentance and forgiveness. Literature as a work of memory and oblivion. Notes on various occasions // Friendship of Peoples . - 2011. - No. 5. (Retrieved March 11, 2015)
- ↑ 1 2 Andrey Pugovkin . War and myth. “There are no wars of justice” // InoSMI. - April 1, 2009. (Retrieved March 11, 2015)
- ↑ Kirill Alexandrov . In memory of N. N. Nikulin // RODP Yabloko. — 8 мая 2009. (Проверено 11 марта 2015)
- ↑ Дмитрий Ломоносов . Н. Н. Никулин о войне // Дмитрий Б. Ломоносов / Livejournal.com. — 24 марта 2010. (Проверено 11 марта 2015)
- ↑ Дмитрий Ломоносов . Записки рядового радиста. — М. : Центрполиграф, 2012. — ISBN 978-5-227-03409-0 . (Проверено 11 марта 2015)
- ↑ Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 11 марта 1985 года «О награждении орденом Отечественной войны активных участников Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945 годов» // Библиотека нормативно-правовых актов СССР.
- ↑ Карточка награждённого к 40-летию Победы. Никулин Николай Николаевич // Общедоступный электронный банк документов «Подвиг Народа в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» . (Проверено 11 марта 2015)
Links
- Биография . Дата обращения 4 февраля 2010. Архивировано 16 апреля 2012 года. (Проверено 11 марта 2015)
- Николай Николаевич Никулин в фильме из авторской программы М. Б. Пиотровского «Мой Эрмитаж». Россия, 2009. Телеэфир от 30.11.09 . (Проверено 11 марта 2015)
- Николай Никулин «Воспоминания о войне». Аудиокнига . (Проверено 11 марта 2015)
- Семинар «Современная военная проза» в Башкирском государственном педагогическом университете им. М. Акмуллы. 18.02.2015 . (Проверено 25 марта 2015)