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Monarchism in Georgia

Monarchist traditions in Georgia go back to the Hellenistic period . The medieval Georgian states (the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom and the Imereti kingdom ), under the rule of the Bagration dynasty , left behind a good legacy that lasts in Georgia even in the modern era. The qualities and symbols associated with the Bagration’s monarchy played a decisive role in the formation of the Georgian nation and the subsequent construction of national history. Their reign ended after entering the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century after the signing of the St. George Treaty for fear of being conquered by Persia. Attempts at monarchist restoration have been undertaken by various Georgian royalist groups throughout the 20th century .

The Georgian nation regained state independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 , and the debate on the restoration of the monarchy has not actually stopped since. The tendencies toward the restoration of the Bagration’s monarchy after the outbreak of the political crisis at the end of 2007 became especially strong.

Content

  • 1 Bagrationism - the doctrine of the divinity of the imperial dynasty of Georgia
    • 1.1 Sumbat Davitisdze and his historical work
  • 2 Imperial Russia and the February Revolution of 1917
  • 3 Georgian royalists during the USSR
  • 4 The monarchist idea during the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of independence
  • 5 Government crisis of 2007
    • 5.1 The initiative of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilya II
    • 5.2 Debate in society about the restoration of the monarchy
  • 6 notes
  • 7 See also
  • 8 References

Bagrationism - The Doctrine of the Divinity of the Imperial Dynasty of Georgia

The Bagration family came from the historical province of Speri ( Ispir in modern Turkey). [1] In the first centuries of our era, representatives of this genus advanced in the historical arena of Transcaucasia (in Armenia and Georgia), which led to the emergence of various legends about their origin. The Armenian historian Sebeos of the Armenian Bagratids considers the descendants of the eponym of Armenians Hayk [2] , Movses Khorenatsi - the offspring of a noble Jew captured by the King of Armenia Tigran the Great . [3]

In the scientific literature of the issue, assumptions are made about their connection with the ancient Georgian royal family of the Farnavazians , [4] the ancient Armenian royal family of the Orontids . [5]

In the Christian era, legends about the divine origin of royal families were especially prevalent. During the period of the special exaltation of the Bagration, apparently under Ashot I, a legend arose about their divine origin.

“ The sovereign, the son of the prophet David and the anointed gentlemen, Christ God who they have designated their inheritance, ” [6] - Grigol Hansteli addresses Ashot Kuropalat, emphasizing that he considers Ashot Bagrationi through the king, the prophet David, to be a divine offspring . [7] This legend created in Georgian reality found distribution among neighbors - Armenians, Byzantines, which is confirmed by the works of Hovhannes Draskhanakertzi and Konstantin Porfirorodny, [8] calling Ashot and his and his heirs the descendants of the god himself. The subsequent elevation of the Bagrationi clan was followed by a corresponding refinement of this legend. In the XI century. a special work is being created by the historian Sumbat Davitisdze with the complete legendary genealogy of the Bagrationi family, an extensive ideological justification for their divine origin, political and class domination.

The legend of the divine origin of the surname Bagrationi acquired civil rights under the rule of one of its strongest representatives - Ashot I Bagrationi. [9]

The eleventh century in the history of Georgia is a time rich in very important events. At the end of X - beginning of XI centuries. The long historical process of unification of Georgian lands and creation of the Georgian state “Sakartvelo” ( Georgia ) is nearing completion.

In the 80s of the 10th century, two major Georgian political units merged into one state - the kingdom of Egris-Abkhazeti and the Kartli Erismtavarstvo (all of Western Georgia and central Georgia, from the Aragvi River to the beginning of the Borjomi Gorge ) and most of the Kartvelian kingdom (South- Western Georgia). At the beginning of the XI century, the rest of the Kartvelian kingdom (without the southern part of Tao), as well as Kakheti and Hereti joined him.

The association created at the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th centuries is a new stage in the history of Georgian feudal statehood. This association led to the elimination of the political independence of a number of early feudal kingdoms and principalities and marked the establishment of a new (unified) political system throughout Georgia. It meant the creation of a feudal state such as a centralized medieval monarchy. The process of the final liquidation of the independence of individual kingdoms and principalities and a change in the apparatus of political governance are already taking place within the framework of the new state.

Further development of a single state went along the lines of centralizing management in both the civilian and military spheres. Unification, of course, could not lead to the complete elimination of internal contradictions, but if independent political units opposed each other before unification, now contradictions arise between individual political groups and parties within a single state.

With the formation of a single feudal monarchy, favorable conditions are created for further socio-economic and cultural growth.

Georgian historiography achieved great success in the 11th century. In the XI century, The History of Tsars by Leonty Mroveli , The History of Vakhtang Gorgasal by Juansher, Matian Kartlis (Chronicle of Kartli) by an anonymous author, a biography of the founders of the Georgian Lavra on Mount Athos , The History and Narrative of the Bagration by Sumbat Davitisdze and others are being created.

In these historical works, along with the biographies of the kings and a description of their state activities, the social and cultural life of the country is highlighted.

Historians respond to vital questions; in their works, intraclass and class struggles are displayed. They express the interests of certain political groups.

In the political life of the XI century, the main tasks were the liberation of the country from foreign invaders and the neutralization of state power. The main attention of historians was directed precisely at these problems, which explains their praise of those statesmen who led the struggle against external enemies and sought to centralize state administration. Historians do not hide their hatred of external enemies, as well as of those feudal lords who fought against the central monarchy. Their works are imbued with a deep patriotic feeling.

Georgian historians of the 11th century were widely educated thinkers; their works were carried out at a high ideological level. They tried to comprehend events from the point of view of their causality and sequence, sought to justify certain phenomena, to prove the reliability of the events described. When compiling the works, they used both the writings of their predecessors and documentary data, the information of foreign authors, monuments of material culture, in some cases they also carried out external criticism of the sources.

At the same time, Georgian historians of the 11th century were typical representatives of their era, and therefore they are not alien to providence and dualism - the characteristic features of the historical thinking of the Middle Ages.

Thus, despite a wide education, a correct understanding and appreciation of many specific historical phenomena, Georgian historians of the 11th century are wholly influenced by the prevailing medieval ideology.

Sumbat Davitisdze and his historical work

The historical work of the 11th century Georgian author Sumbat, about the royal family of Bagrationi , did not reach us in the form of an independent work. It is included in the annals "Kartlis Tskhovreba" ("History of Georgia"), which covers the history of Georgia from ancient times to the XVIII century .

The “Kartlis Tskhovreba” code, apparently first compiled in the 11th century (according to some authors, in the 8th century), was then supplemented and edited. [10]

Since the “Kartlis Tskhovreba” was compiled mainly with the sanction of the central state power, those historical works that ideologically supported and justified the policy and activities of the Georgian kings were selected for inclusion in it. This explains the fact that “Kartlis Tskhovreba” as a whole supports the idea of ​​the unity of the Georgian state, the idea of ​​fighting against foreign invaders, puts forward those statesmen who fought for the strengthening of the Georgian state, for the centralization of power. This explains both the pronounced patriotic character and the explicit feudal orientation of Kartlis Tskhovreba.

The first cycle "Kartlis Tskhovreba" (the so-called "Ancient Kartlis Tskhovreba") was brought to the XIV century. After the XIV century, due to the general difficult situation in Georgia, the arch was not replenished. Only at the beginning of the XVIII century, Tsar Vakhtang VI ( 1703 - 1724 ) paid due attention to this and formed a special commission of “pundits” (led by historian Bury Egnatashvili), which he ordered to fill this gap. The commission compiled the history of Georgia of the XIV - XVII centuries , which entered the cycle of "New Kartlis Tskhovreba".

But work on Kartlis Tskhovreba did not end there. The commission, led by Vakhtang VI, edited the entire collection. The editorial work was manifested both in the introduction of a number of amendments, and in some additions and changes. [11] In particular, a very significant change was made by the commission in the composition of Sumbat (more on this below).

To date, science has at its disposal several manuscripts of the pre-Vakhtang edition (a list of Tsarina Anna ( XV century), a list of Tsarina Mariam ( XVII centuries), a list of 1967, a list of Machabeli of 1736, etc.) and several manuscripts of the post-Vakhtangov period. In the ancient part of “Kartlis Tskhovreba” 10 historical works are presented:

  • 1. "History of the kings" (from ancient times to the V century.) Leonti Mroveli.
  • 2. “History of Vakhtang Gorgasal” (V — VIII centuries) Juansher.
  • 3. "Martyrdom of Archil" (VIII century.) Leonti Mroveli.
  • 4. "Matian Kartlis" (VIII- XI centuries.) Anonymous author.
  • 5. "History of King Kings David" by an anonymous author.
  • 6. “History and narration of the Bagration” (from ancient times to the XI century.) Sumbata Davitisdze.
  • 7. "Chronicle of the time of Lasha Giorgi" (2nd half of the XII century - early XIII century) by an anonymous author.
  • 8. "The history and praise of the crown bearers" (the so-called first historian of Queen Tamar ).
  • 9. “History of Queen Tamar” Basili Ezosmodzgvari (the so-called second historian of Queen Tamar).
  • 10. "Chronicle" of the era of Mongol rule by an anonymous historian.

But not all of these works are included in all cash lists of Kartlis Tskhovreba. For example: “The History and Narrative of the Bagrations” Sumbat is on the list of Mariam, in a copy of the “Mtskheta” list ( 1697 ) and on the list of Machabeli. The work is included in Kartlis Tskhovreba following the story of King David IV the Builder . The “History of King David Kings” ends with the death of David IV in 1125 . In Anna’s list, the story of King David is followed by the so-called “Annals of the Time of Lasha Giorgi,” an essay that begins during the reign of Demeter I ( 1125 - 1156 ), the son of David IV the Builder. After the story of David the Builder, the history of the Bagrationi clan is included in the list of Mariam. This is the first time that the chronological sequence is violated in the Kartlis Tskhovreba vault. Perhaps, in order to correct this discrepancy, when editing the Kartlis Tskhovreb by the Vakhtang commission, the work of Sumbat was not made as a separate and independent work, and the information from its History is selectively, in accordance with the chronological sequence, included in the corresponding places of Ancient Kartlis Tskhovreb . This explains the fact that in the lists of “Kartlis Tskhovreba” after the Vakhtangov period, the “History” of Sumbat is not a separate work, it is almost completely dissected and placed in parts in different places.

The historical work “The History and Narrative of the Bagratonians, our Georgian kings, from where they came to this country, and from which times they have owned the Georgian kingdom”, as the name suggests, aims to find out the origin and genealogy of the Bagrationi clan, to determine the time and conditions for obtaining power in Kartli and recount the history of their reign.

In the introductory part of "History" it is indicated that the author is Sumbat Davitis-dze. [12]

Neither in the work of Sumbat nor in other historical sources there is information about the author himself. It is believed that he belonged to the Bagrationi family [13] and died in the early 30s of the 11th century. [fourteen]

As noted, the fact that the Kartlis Tskhovreba vault is the spokesman for the ideology of official historiography should not be doubted and, when compiling the code, works were selected with a pronounced tendency to support the policy of the central government. The inclusion of the work of Sumbat in Kartlis Tskhovreba is quite justified, but it can be assumed that this work was written on the initiative of the government.

At the beginning of the XI century, when representatives of the Bagrationi clan became kings of the united Georgian kingdom and the prospects for reunification of all Georgian lands were really outlined, an ideological basis was also needed to support the royal family and justify their aspirations. It is this ideological justification and justification of the rise of the Bagrationi clan over other Georgian royal families that have claims to primacy, is the work of Sumbat.

The work begins with a presentation of the genealogy of the Bagrations, which connects the origin of the clan with Cleopas, brother of Joseph, father of Jesus Christ. As you know, with the formation of a class society in many countries there were legends about the “superhuman”, “divine” origin of the people who headed the state. At a certain stage of development, a “theory” of the divine origin of the Bagrationi clan is also being created in Georgia. Bagrationi rose early in the political arena of Transcaucasia and various legends were created around the clan in the Georgian-Armenian milieu.

The Armenian historical tradition connects the elevation of the Armenian branch of the Bagratuni clan with the 1st c. BC e. [fifteen]

One of the most ancient legends of the rise of this genus that has survived has been preserved by a 7th-century historian Sebeos. According to Cebeos, Bagratuni are descendants of the eponymous Armenian Hayk. [16] Armenian historiography also related the origin of the Bagratuni clan to the Jewish ethnos. So Movses Khorenatsi declares Bagratidov the descendants of the noble Jewish captive Shambat. [17] Georgian historiography considers the theory of the origin of the Bagrationi clan from David the Prophet to be a local Georgian tradition. The most ancient fixation of this tradition is the “ Life of Grigol Handzteli ” by Giorgi Merchule and the work of Konstantin Porfirorodny “De administrando imperio”. The source of Konstantin Porfirorodny is considered an unknown Georgian written source or an oral tradition. [eighteen]

It can be assumed that the Armenian historiography was also familiar with the legend of the origin of the Bagration from the prophet David. The oldest literary fixation of this legend in Armenian literature should be preserved in the work of the Armenian historian of the beginning of the 10th century John Draskhanakertzi . [19]

In Georgian writing, the earliest report about the divine origin of the Bagrations was recorded in the middle of the 10th century in the Life of Grigol Handzteli by Giorgi Merchule . Grigol Khandzteli, referring to Ashot I Kurapalat, calls him “the sovereign, the named son of David, the prophet and anointed of God”. This is how Grigol Khandzteli turned to Ashot I Bagrationi in the 1920s, but this was fixed in the middle of the 10th century (the work of Giorgi Merchule was written in 950 ).

There are various assumptions regarding the dating of the appearance of the theory of the divine origin of the Bagrationi clan.

According to Marquart, the theory of the divine origin of the Bagration was created in the late IX - early X centuries. [20] According to K. Kekelidze and P. Ingorokva , at the beginning of the 9th century, during the reign of Ashot I Bagrationi. [21] The creation of this legend and S. Janashia connects with the IX century. [22] E. Takayshvili considers the second half of the VIII century to be the time of the creation of the legend. According to E. Takayshvili, the legend has undergone a gradual change, was revised and by the 11th century assumed the form in which it is presented in the historical work of Sumbat. [23]

In the second half of the 8th century, East Georgia was under the yoke of Arab rule and the Georgian people fought with the conquerors. At the head of this struggle were the Erismtavars of Kartli , for which they were subjected to repression by the Caliph authorities. From the end of VIII and beginning of IX century begins the gradual expulsion of conquerors from Georgia. On the verge of the 8th – 9th centuries, the process of creating new kingdoms and principalities begins in Georgia, and a struggle is underway to unite the country. The creation of the Kartvelsky, or Tao-Klardzhetsky principality, headed by the Bagrationi clan, dates back to this time.

The principality reaches great power during the reign of the founder of the dynasty. [24] Ashot I united under his authority a large part of historical South-West Georgia, actively fought with the Arabs, successfully fought for the central part of Georgia, Shida Kartli. From the empire, Ashot I Bagrationi received the title of Kurapalat and even claimed the title of Tsar.

At this time, the Kartvelian Principality was the strongest political unit in Georgia and played a leading role in the struggle for its unification. Apparently, at this time this legend is being created. [25]

After the death of Ashot I, unfavorable external and internal political conditions are created for the principality. In the second half of the IX and first half of the X century, the kingdom of Egris-Abkhazeti seized hegemony in the struggle for the unification of Georgia. So, the end of IX - beginning of X century. It is not a good time to create legends that glorify the Bagrationi family.

As already noted, since the beginning of the 9th century, Georgia has been fighting for the unification of the country. Several large political units compete with each other. The princely clans leading this struggle have resorted to various political and diplomatic maneuvers. House Bagrationi, together with political exaltation, tries to substantiate his legitimate rights theoretically. Ashot Bagrationi had to fight both with other Georgian political units and with his internal opponents.

As a result of the conflict with the Arabs, Ashot I Bagrationi settled in Southwest Georgia, although Shavshet-Klargeti is historically the domain of the Bagrationi family, but in this situation, Ashot turned out to be a person who came from outside. Arabs are fighting against him; he has no solid support even inside the country, but from external forces Byzantium supports him. Under such conditions, it is quite clear that Ashot I has to overcome strong obstacles to the establishment and consolidation of his power.

Ashot I had to create a large estate for himself, and he creates it. Part of the land Ashot I Bagrationi buys, part captures, appropriates uninhabited land, wasteland, acquires peasants. All this — the creation of a patrimony, the acquisition and subjugation of peasants sitting on these lands — occurs at the expense of the local population, which causes an increase in social protests and an intensification of the struggle in society.

Thus, while Ashot I Bagrationi competes with other Georgian kings and princes for the primacy in the struggle for the unification of Georgia, he has to overcome great obstacles in the country to strengthen his position. In this difficult situation, Ashot I Bagrationi had to justify his advantages over other Georgian rulers, as well as his right to dominate the local population. He achieves all this mainly by force, but at the same time the ideological substantiation of the Bagrationi clan rights to the supreme power was of great importance.

To determine the time of the creation of the legend about the origin of the Bagrationi clan, the fact that the 7th century Armenian historian Sebeos calls Bagratuni an ancestor is called Haik. By this time, the Armenian Bagratuni had already received reason to associate their origin with the eponym of Armenians. At the beginning of the 10th century, John Draskhanakertzi writes about Bagratuni’s ancestors: "They say that he was a descendant of David." Apparently, Draskhanakertzi had a written or oral basis for this statement. Draskhanakertzi’s report that Bagratuni were “crowners” is also confirmed by more ancient Armenian information. [26]

As already noted, Bagrationi early advanced in the political arena of Transcaucasia. In Georgian historiography, there is an assumption about the origin of Bagrationi from the ancient Georgian royal family of Parnavazids . [27]

According to K. Tumanov, Bagrationi are the descendants of the ancient Armenian royal clan Ervidov . [28]

Georgian historical tradition, in particular, Sumbat, the rise of the family in the political arena of Georgia dates back to the VI century .

Thus, the political exaltation of the Bagration led to the creation of legends around their origin. The ancient Armenian historical tradition declares them descendants of the Haikids, the ancient Georgian - Parnavazids. The same Armenian tradition considers them to be the descendants of the noble captive Jew Shambat, and the later Armenian and Georgian historical traditions connect their origin with the king-prophet David. Draskhanakertzi is the link linking the two traditions of descent from Shambat and David.

Thus, in Georgian and Armenian reality there were different versions about the origin of the Bagrationi clan. The most pretentious of the existing versions connects the origin of the genus with the divine principle. Apparently, the suitable time for creating this version was “the period of the reign of Ashot I Kurapalat. If we take into account the message of Draskhanakertzi, we can assume that this version of the legend was developed in the general Georgian-Armenian environment.

В конце VIII — начале IX вв., в условиях напряженной борьбы с арабами усиливаются и возвышаются как грузинские Багратиони, так и армянские Багратуни. В данный период обе ветви преследуют общую цель: изгнание арабов. В этих условиях происходит образование Картвельского (Тао-Кларджетского) княжества грузинских Багратиони и Ширакского княжества армянских Багратуни . Начинается новый этап истории рода и создается новая версия легенды о его происхождении, версия, которая лучше обосновывает право первенства данного рода в Закавказье . Как уже отмечалось, след звена, связывающего старую и новую версии легенды, сохранен у Драсханакертци. Если легенда о божественном происхождении рода была бы создана только в грузинской среде и о собственно грузинской ветви, то сомнительно чтоб Драсханакертци перенес её на армянских Багратуни. В конце IX — начале X вв. интересы грузинских Багратионов и армянских Багратуни находились в остром противоречии. Историк рода Багратуни, именно в это время создавший своё произведение, восхвалявшее деятельность Багратуни с целью их возвеличивания приводит легенду об их происхождении от Давида. Он вряд ли обратился бы к этой легенде, если бы данная версия не имела распространения и в армянской среде. Поэтому у этого соображения Драсханакертци должна была быть основа и в армянской традиции.

Дальнейшая обработка легенды происходит уж на собственно грузинской почве. Ситуация, созданная в Армении последующего времени, не давала повода для дальнейшей идеализации Багратуни. Особенное значение приобретает эта легенда после того, как Багратиони становятся царями объединенного грузинского государства. Именно в связи с этим и создается специальное историческое сочинение Сумбата, в котором изложена история рода и дана его генеалогия .

Для составления своего исторического сочинения Сумбат пользуется разными историческими источниками.

Источником для вводной части «Истории» Сумбата является грузинский перевод Библии . Генеалогию Багратионов от Адама до царя Давида Сумбат приводит по « Евангелию » от Луки (3,32 — 38), а от царя Давида до мужа богородицы Марии — по Матфею (1,1 — 16), с той лишь разницей, что в отличие от «Евангелия» он вводит в повествование брата мужа Марии Клеопу. Источником же относительно Клеопы, брата Иосифа, для Сумбата является «Церковная история» Евсевия Кесарийского. [29] Затем уже идет линия потомков Клеопы. Один из потомков Клеопы Соломон имел семерых сыновей. Эти семь сыновей Соломона отправились из Палестины и прибыли в Армению, в Акилисену, расположенную в верховьях реки Евфрат, к неизвестной в истории царице Ракаэл, которая их крестила. Трое из братьев остались в Армении. Одного из этих братьев звали Багратом, и он явился родоначальником армянских Багратидов. Четверо прибыли в Картли , из них одного избрали эриставом Картли и его потомками являются Багратиони Картли.

Одним из основных источников «Истории» Сумбата является хроника «Обращения Картли». Как отмечает Е. Такайшвили, этой хроникой пользуется Сумбат начиная от Гуарама ( VI век ) курапалата до Ашота I курапалата. [thirty]

Существует предположение, что одним из источников «Истории» Сумбата может быть «Матиане Картлиса», сочинение анонимного историка XI века. [31] Но думаем, что более обосновано предположение, которое считает, что не «Матиане Картлиса» является источником для «Истории» Сумбата, а, наоборот, автор «Матиане Картлиса» пользовался произведением Сумбата. [32]

В распоряжении Сумбата Давитисдзе, видимо, была фамильная хроника рода Багратиони, которой он пользовался при составлении той части своего произведения, в которой передана история владетелей Тао-Кларджети. [33]

Как и автор анонимного сочинения «Матиане Картлиса», Сумбат тоже должен был пользоваться сведениями Кедрина-Скилицы. [34]

Сумбат пользовался также многочисленными надписями. [35]

Произведение Сумбата очень сжатое историческое сочинение, в котором, в основном, даны сведения биографического характера о представителях рода Багратиони (рождение, смерть, принятие титула или должности, потомство). Первый раз принцип такого краткого повествования нарушается, когда дело доходит до основателя княжества Ашота I. После Ашота I автор сравнительно пространно рассказывает уже о первых царях объединенной Грузии ( Баграт III , Георгий I и Баграт IV). Сумбат сообщает также сведения о строительных мероприятиях представителей рода (например, строительство храма Джвари эриставами Картли , строительные работы Ашота I) и других деятелей (например, строительство Сиони в Тбилиси, Тбетской обители). Особое внимание уделяет автор борьбе внутри представителей рода и взаимоотношениям с Византией .

Огромным достоинством «Истории» Сумбата является обилие хронологических данных. В средневековых грузинских исторических источниках вообще мало указаний на даты описываемых событий, но наш автор в этом отношении является заметным исключением.

Правда, в первой части «Истории» Сумбата прямых хронологических данных нет. Первая дата дана в связи со смертью Ашота I курапалата, затем сведения о сыновьях Ашота даются без дат, а со времени внука Ашота I, Ашота II (сконч. в 867 году ), почти о всех его преемниках даны основные хронологические указания. Видимо, фамильная хроника, которой пользовался Сумбат и которая изобиловала хронологическими данными о жизни представителей рода, начиналась с основателя княжества Ашота I.

Первая дата (дата смерти Ашота I) дана по двум хронологическим системам — от сотворения мира и грузинскому короникону, затем, без исключения, все даты даны по грузинскому короникону, который основан на 5604-годичной эре от сотворения мира и 532-летнем цикле. События, датируемые автором, имеют место в XIII цикле, то есть с 780 года .

Как уже отмечалось, стиль изложения Сумбата весьма сжатый. Он кратко, в (нескольких славах сообщает о жизни, деятельности и смерти представителей владетельного дома, указывает лишь некоторые важные, с его точки зрения, факты. Основная цель автора — дать полную, непрерывную генеалогию Багратионов, выполнена безукоризненно. Начало владычества Багратионов в Картли, указанное Сумбатом (середина VI века), подтверждается данными ряда других историков. [36] Источниковедческое изучение «Истории» Сумбата и сопоставление сведений Сумбата с данными других грузинских историков, с эпиграфическими данными, сведениями армянских, арабских, византийских и других исторических источников, дает основание считать произведение Сумбата весьма ценным историческим сочинением и указывает на достоверность основных сообщений историка. [37] Хотя указанное обстоятельство не исключает явно выраженной тенденциозности Сумбата.

Сумбат, как уже отмечалось, очень скупо и сжато излагает исторические события, но совместно с общей целенаправленностью он весьма тщательно подбирает факты для внесения их в свою «Историю». Согласно концепции Сумбата, жизнь в Шавшети и Кларджети возобновляется с обоснованием там Ашота Багратиони. Историк следующими словами характеризует положение в крае непосредственно перед прибытием Ашота Багратиони: "Хеви Шавшетский, за исключением несколько селений, тогда не был заселен, ибо опустошился во времена владычества персов, когда глухой из Багдада сокрушил все крепости и прошёл по Шавшети и через Гадони. А вслед за этим повальный понос истребил (население) Шавшети, Кларджети и лишь немногие из жителей остались в некоторых местах. [38] Сомневаться в весьма тяжелом положении этой части Грузии в результате вторжения арабов и эпидемий не приходится. Приблизительно такую же картину рисует и другой источник — « Житие Григола Хандзтели » Гиорги Мерчуле , указывая на малочисленность населения и опустошение края. Но если Мерчуле восстановление жизни в этом крае в основном считает заслугой Григола Хандзтели и монастырской колонизации, то Сумбат на первый план выставляет заслуги Ашота I Багратиони. Следует предполагать, что при описании состояния края оба автора немного преувеличивают, а восстановление шло как в результате деятельности Ашота курапалата, так и вследствие монастырской колонизации и деятельности Григола Хандзтели.

В «Истории» Сумбата почти нет обобщающих теоретических положений, но в подборе фактов и нескольких скупых фразах явно ощущается его точка зрения. Он не скрывает своего отрицательного отношения к тем феодалам, деятельность которых направлена против политики централизации и усиления государства. Описывая время господства в Картли азнауров Сумбат пишет: « Но когда лишились царства потомки Горгасала, с тех времен до них, господствовали в Картли азнауры, а конец власти азнауров Картли пришел по причине их злых деяний ». [39] Отношение Сумбата к вельможной знати явно чувствуется и в других случаях. [40]

Как и все грузинские средневековые историки, Сумбат находится во власти провиденциализма. Рассказывая о событиях, связанных с возвращением царевича Баграта (будущего Баграта IV, царя Грузии) и намерениях императора Константина VIII , Сумбат пишет: « О великая и удивительная милость божья! Как спасся праведный от рук вражеских, желавших захватить его ». [41] Победу малочисленного грузинского войска над сравнительно превосходящими силами врага автор объясняет милостью и помощью бога и святых апостолов [42] , а по случаю смерти императора Константина VIII пишет: « Настиг гнев молниеносно безрассудного царя Константина, наподобие неверного Юлиана, за немилость к царю нашему Баграту, за опустошение страны его » [42] .

Императорская Россия и февральская революция 1917 г

Российская империя , нарушив Георгиевский трактат 1783 г. , присоединила к своим владениям грузинские царства Багратионов, Картли-Кахетинское и Имеретинское в 1801 и 1810 гг. respectively. Члены царской династии возглавили серии восстаний против русского господства, но все они окончились неудачей. Русская администрация, при сочетании военного умиротворения и дипломатического убеждения, до некоторой степени получила лояльность местной элиты. Багратионы временно смирились с потерей независимости. [43]

Самодержавие под предлогом «обеспечения спокойствия и безопасности грузинского народа» сочло необходимым и возможным упразднить (аннексировать) Картли-Кахетское царство и установить новое (русское) правление взамен старого (грузинского). Тем самым был нарушен договор 1783 г. Это было крупное поражение грузинских политиков-прогресситов, поскольку им не удалось сохранить самоуправление грузинского народа хотя бы в форме автономии. [44]

Вскоре после восстания декабристов в 1825 году грузинские монархисты, обосновавшиеся в Санкт-Петербурге и Москве , подстрекаемые внуками предпоследнего царя Грузии — Ираклия II , князьями Окропиром и Димитрием, пытались убедить грузинских студентов, которые учились в двух русских городах, что Грузия должна быть независимой с династией Багратионов во главе. Окропир посетил Тифлис в 1829 году и установил связи с тайными обществами с целью восстановления грузинской монархии. Вдохновлённые Французской революцией 1830 года и польским восстанием 1830—1831 гг. , заговорщики были едины в своих антироссийских настроениях, но были разделены в программных установках и методах их осуществлений, хотя большинство предпочитали восстановление династии Багратионов на грузинском троне. Планируемый переворот был предотвращён благодаря полиции в 1832 году. [45] Заговор 1832 г. , невзирая на слабость и конечный провал, был прогрессивным общественным явлением. С этого времени грузинское национально-освободительное движение первой трети XIX в. становится сознательным и организованным.

Лояльность большей части грузинского дворянства русскому царю была достигнута в период либеральной политики императорского наместника князя Воронцова ( 1844 — 1854 ), но оно стало исчезать в 1860 -е гг. Тем не менее, несмотря на продолжившиеся с 60-х гг. попытки грузинских патриотов получить независимость, Грузия обрела её лишь после Первой мировой войны ( 26 мая 1918 г.). [46]

Во время Первой мировой войны грузинские эмигранты под руководством князя Мачабели создали Национальный комитет в Берлине, который выступал за восстановление монархии в Грузии под немецким протекторатом. Влиятельным лоббистом данной идеи выступал генерал Отто фон Лоссов , который предлагал поставить на грузинский престол немецкого принца Иоахима Франца. Однако после февральской революции 1917 года грузины восстановили своё независимое государство в форме демократической республики. С мая 1918 по февраль 1921 гг. на грузинской политической сцене господствовали социал-демократы во главе с Жордания . Грузинское дворянство, в том числе потомки бывшей царской династии, оказали свою поддержку новой республике. Современные западные наблюдатели отмечают: « Как и во Франции, грузинское дворянство имеет социальное, а не политическое значение. Люди настроены в демократическом духе, нет ни малейшего шанса на возрождение монархии в Грузии, и дворяне вряд ли больше будут иметь политический вес, чем их индивидуальные заслуги ». [47]

Грузинские роялисты в период СССР

Грузинская Демократическая Республика пала под наттиском советской армии в 1921 году . Последующие политические репрессии, особенно после неудачного восстания в августе 1924 г., вынудили многих членов семьи Багратиони бежать из Советского Союза, а некоторые из них погибли во время большевистских чисток.

Один из эмигрантов, князь Ираклий из дома Мухрани (боковой ветви династии Багратиони) ( 1909 — 1977 ), пытался заручиться поддержки европейских держав в деле восстановления грузинской монархии. Ещё в 1942 году в Риме на съезде представителей грузинских эмигрантских организаций князь Ираклий Георгиевич Багратион-Мухранский был признан старшим в доме Багратионов. В связи с этим безоговорочно был объявлен Главой Грузинского Царского Дома и единственным законным претендентом на престол. Ряд организаций так же объявил его Грузинским Царем в изгнании. Когда князь Ираклий умер в Испании в 1977 году, принц Георгий стал первым в очереди в королевском доме Грузии и был признан как таковой, несмотря на притязания из других семей. [48] Законные права этого дома на престол неоднократно подвергалась сомнению. Данную линию в настоящее время представляет Нугзар Багратион-Грузинский (род. 1950 ), глава Кахетинской ветви Багратионов (с 1984 года ), прямой потомок по мужской линии последнего грузинского царя Георгия XII . Две ветви Багратионов были объединены посредством брака принца Давида с дочерью князя Нугзара — Анны в феврале 2009 года .

Монархическая идея в период крушения СССР и восстановления независимости

Во время правления Эдуарда Шеварднадзе ( 1992 — 2003 ), никакого серьёзного внимания не было уделено монархической идеей, хотя несколько мелких политических партий, в том числе Союз грузинских традиционалистов во главе с бывшим председателем парламента Акакий Асатиани, продолжали выступать за конституционную монархию как форму государственного устройства Грузии.

« Вариант монархии в Грузии обсуждался еще в 1992 году, когда я вернулся из Москвы в Тбилиси », — рассказал газете «Время новостей» бывший президент Грузии Эдуард Шеварднадзе. До этого эту тему серьёзно рассматривал президент Звиад Гамсахурдия . [49]

Правительственный кризис 2007 г

Выступления оппозиции в Грузии 2007 года свидетельствовали о структурном кризисе, поразившем государственный аппарат и правительство Саакашвили. Первые протесты, вылившиеся в массовые демонстрации, последовали в сентябре 2007 года и носили мирный характер; численность митингующих была невелика. Однако после обвинений, высказанных в прямом эфире грузинского телеканала «Имеди» экс-министром внутренних дел Грузии Ираклием Окруашвили в адрес действующего президента, обстановка в Грузии накалилась. В частности, в речи Окруашвили говорилось о физическом уничтожении политических оппонентов Михаила Саакашвили с ведома самого президента, в пример приводилось убийство Зураба Жвании . [fifty]

Следующий этап выступлений начался в ноябре 2007 года, а именно 2 ноября перед зданием парламента в Тбилиси собрались, по различным оценкам, от 50 до 100 тысяч сторонников оппозиции, с требованиями проведения досрочных парламентских выборов, изменения избирательного законодательства и освобождения всех политзаключенных страны. Когда власти отказались идти на уступки, лидеры оппозиции заявили, что их главным требованием становится отставка президента. В последующие дни количество митингующих составляло от 10 000 до 150 000 человек, позже количество демонстрантов сократилось до нескольких тысяч. [51] Утром 7 ноября , когда у здания парламента находилось около 200 человек, их оттеснили с площади сотрудники полиции, ссылаясь на то, что участники акции мешают движению общественного транспорта, а площадь нуждается в уборке. Между митингующими и полицией завязалась потасовка, к месту событий стали стягиваться большие силы оппозиционеров, через некоторое время к площади были стянуты подразделения спецназа. Они применили против собравшихся слезоточивый газ и водометы. [52] В больницы Тбилиси было доставлено около 360 пострадавших с отравлениями различной степени тяжести, [53] позже появилась информация о 600 пострадавших.

Инициатива Католикоса-патриарха Всея Грузии Ильи II

The surge of monarchist sentiments in the Caucasus received a lively response from representatives of the monarchist forces of Russia. Director of the Office of the Head of the Russian Imperial House Alexander Nikolayevich Zakatov, for example, noted:

 “Patriarch Elijah II, who spoke in favor of restoring the constitutional monarchy in Georgia, acted as the spiritual father of the nation, understanding at the same time that the state should have another father - the monarch. This is not the first speech of Elijah II on the monarchist theme, although this time his call was obviously caused by the aggravation of the situation in Georgia due to the political scandal between President Saakashvili and former Minister of Defense Okruashvili. Of course, in such a situation, I always want to offer some way out, to recall the possibilities, ”said Alexander Zakatov. - And in this case we should talk about power based on the tradition sanctified by it. Just strong power, power outside the tradition leads to dictatorship and arbitrariness, and liberalism leads to anarchy. The way out is in monarchical rule. ” 

It should be noted that the statements of the head of the Georgian Orthodox Church were made against the backdrop of unprecedented national unrest, which Georgia has not seen since 2004 , and significantly affected the general political discourse.

“ Discussions about the possibility of Georgia returning to monarchical rule have been in the political arena for the past 18 years ,” The Telegraph wrote. The recognized head of the imperial dynasty de jure, King George XIV died this year, but his 32-year-old son David can be called to the throne as David XIII . ”

Apparently, the political creed of Georgian monarchists boils down to the following: “ We will never recognize the legitimacy of republican elections,” representatives of the Georgian Monarchists Society declare year after year, “while the legitimate heirs of the Georgian Tsar’s House are still alive. Only representatives of the Georgian royal dynasty can claim the right to be called the legitimate leaders of Georgia . ” [54]

The initiative of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II on the restoration of the constitutional monarchy in the country, expressed by him during a Sunday sermon in the Sameba Cathedral , received wide resonance in society and among politicians. This initiative was actively supported by both parliamentary and non-parliamentary opposition. [55]

Patriarch Elijah II declared:

 “Today in Georgia there are such conditions that the dream of the Georgian people about the restoration of the constitutional monarchy can be realized if God's will is done. We ask the Lord that Georgia will grow stronger, Georgia will calm down and unite, and if this happens, we will thank Him. " 

According to him, today there is a discussion of what Georgia should be like, with whom it should be friends, what it should do.

The patriarch further said:

 “Very often other countries dictate to us what to do. Some say Georgia should be a presidential republic, some a parliamentary republic, and so on. "It is not for others to decide, it is for us to decide - the Georgian people and all people living in Georgia." 

The Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia noted that from the day the Bagration’s reign ended in 1801, the Georgian people did not stop dreaming of restoring this “ancient, blessed dynasty”. [56] He also emphasized that if the people of Georgia choose this management model, "the candidate for the crown should be selected from among the representatives of the royal dynasty, and he should be properly raised from childhood." [57] [58] At the same time, according to social surveys conducted by the weekly Kviris Palitra (Palette of the Week) among 402 respondents, 45% of Georgian citizens supported a change in the political system of Georgia and the transition to a monarchical form of government, 29.6% opposed of this, and another 25.4% found it difficult to answer. [54]

The initiative of Elijah II shows how complicated the political situation in Georgia today is. Usually, clergy abstain from publicly expressing their political biases, and even more so from calls for a change in the political system. [59]

Monarchist circles are closely observing tendencies of restoration of the Bagration’s power in Georgia. In an interview, the chairman of the Russian Public Monarchist Movement, Kirill Nemirovich-Danchenko, commented on the Georgian events:

 “The appeal of Georgians to the idea of ​​establishing a monarchy is a very important step in the formation of modern Georgian identity. And a serious decision on the search for the most adequate statehood of government. It is extremely indicative that when looking for a way out of the impasse in which Georgia is now, when, firstly, it is necessary to search for mechanisms to stabilize present-day Georgia, and secondly, to guarantee it from similar upheavals in the future, the Georgians turned to the monarchy.

This decision of Georgian society once again shows that the institution of the monarchy remains a relevant and equal alternative in the modern political field.

Regardless of whether the people of Georgia will take a decision (will they be allowed to) make an unambiguous decision on this issue, such a sharp actualization of the monarchist idea should serve as an example for Russian monarchists, become another argument for doubters, and a serious reason to think to those who deny the beneficial role of the monarchy for the future development of Russia. "
 

[49]

Community Debate about Restoring the Monarchy

The idea of ​​restoring the power of the Bagration dynasty in the form of a constitutional monarchy was supported by all the leading opposition parties in Georgia, as well as many public figures and the expert community. The main slogan of the opposition was “ Georgia without a president, ” with a gradual transition to the parliamentary form of the republic, with the subsequent abolition of the republican system and the restoration of the monarchy. [57] [58] [60] [61] However, the idea does not find support from the current authorities.

The head of the opposition “Conservative Party of Georgia” Zviad Dzidziguri said:

 “The slogan of the united opposition“ Georgia without a president ”means that the country should be a parliamentary republic and strengthened by a monarch. I completely share the opinion of the Patriarch of All Georgia Ilya II that the Patriarch himself must educate the future heir to the throne in the Georgian spirit. ” 

The head of the opposition "Party of the People" Koba Davitashvili said:

 “I support the initiative of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilya II on the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in the country. There must be a king in Georgia. The time of leaders must be a thing of the past. We are not Indian tribes. ” 

The representative of the Right Opposition opposition party Mamuka Katsitadze said:

 “The issue of establishing a constitutional monarchy in Georgia should be resolved through a referendum. Moreover, this issue will not cause a new confrontation - between supporters and opponents of the constitutional monarchy. The constitutional monarchy always unites the people, and if it is established, we really should not expect opposite results. ” 

The leader of the opposition New Right party, David Gamkrelidze, noted:

 “Considering the events that took place during the period of independence of Georgia, the analysis of international practice and the statement of Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II on the agenda of Georgia made it necessary to establish a constitutional monarchy. The constitutional monarchy will become the guarantor of a free and independent state. Under the constitutional monarchy, the tsar will be only a symbolic head of state, and all decisions in the country will be made by the Parliament and Government, staffed from members of the "parliamentary majority". The king will only have a moral influence on power. At the same time, he will be a symbol of the Georgian people and a reflection of his character. The monarch will be the patron saint of everyone, despite ethnic origin. Our party initiated the Patriarch and has already adopted a declaration on the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in Georgia. ” 

Chairman of the opposition Labor Party of Georgia, Shalva Natelashvili, said:

 “We support the initiative of the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Ilya II on the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in the country. We thank the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilya II and how his flocks support his decision. This political system will become the guarantor of Georgian unity and a step into the future. The most real claimants to the throne are representatives of the royal Bagrationi dynasty. The candidate for the throne must be approved by the Patriarchate of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Holy Synod of the GOC. ” 

The leader of the opposition political movement “We Are Ourselves” Paata Davitaia believes:

 “The restoration of the constitutional monarchy is the key to the restoration of the territorial integrity of the country. The monarch will be the guarantor of the territorial integrity of Georgia and Abkhazians also agree to stay in the monarchist Georgia. Even before the conflict began, in the fall of 1991, a meeting of representatives of Georgian and Abkhaz princely families was held in Sukhumi, who elected a chairman and considered the issue of restoring the constitutional monarchy in Georgia and the issue of Abkhazia's entry into this monarchical state. As for who should be and should educate the Georgian monarch in the event of the restoration of the monarchical system, then this should be decided by the Patriarch and the Holy Synod. The legal basis for this should be restored by the Parliament. ” 

Salome Zurabishvili (former Foreign Minister), the leader of the Georgian Way opposition party, said:

 “I have always been a supporter of the constitutional monarchy, as the right form for Georgia. But, this issue must be resolved after the elections in the country. Now the main thing is to get the country out of the turmoil and prepare for the next election, and then decide whether we need the president’s institution. Personally, I believe that the presidential republic in our country does not justify itself and we need to think about moving to a system of constitutional monarchy. ” 

The leader of the opposition Freedom party, Konstantin Gamsakhurdia (son of ex-president Zviad Gamsakhurdia) believes:

 “I highly appreciate the initiative of the Patriarch on the transition to a system of constitutional monarchy. The king in this case does not mean the ruling dictator. On the one hand, he will be the guarantor of Georgian traditions, and on the other hand, the territorial integrity of the country. ” 

This initiative is also supported by expert circles. Georgian political analyst Ramaz Klimiashvili said:

 “Establishing a constitutional system in Georgia is the only real way to save the country. The endless crisis and the dire political situation that currently exists in Georgia, indicates that the current constitutional system of Georgia is unacceptable. Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilya II proposed a wonderful way out for Georgian society and the president, which should be supported by everyone. There will naturally be a big dispute over the choice of the candidate for the throne, but this will only happen until the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia himself calls the candidate. ” 

Meanwhile, representatives of the current Georgian authorities are not particularly pleased with the appearance of the monarch in the country. One of the leaders of the "parliamentary majority" Giga Boqueria said:

 “Statements by the opposition that the new state system in the form of a constitutional monarchy will defuse the situation in the country are completely absurd. It is impossible in one day to restore a tradition that has not existed in Georgia for several centuries. However, in the future I do not rule out the restoration of the institution of the monarch, although I remain a supporter of the republic. ” 

Giga Boqueria tried to soften the statement of the patriarch: “The patriarch does not propose to establish a monarchy today. He wanted to say that this can happen after Georgia solves its main problems . ” [58] He later claimed that the opposition’s opposition to the constitutional monarchy was only a populist step: “ They talk about the constitutional monarchy here and say nothing about it abroad. This is their double standard policy . ” [62] Patriarch Elijah II himself did not comment further on this topic. [58]

Meanwhile, the New Right Opposition Party, which stood apart from anti-government demonstrations organized by a coalition of ten opposition parties in October and November 2007 , was the only major political group to take a more flexible stance on the restoration of the constitutional monarchy. They prepared a special declaration supporting this idea. The New Right has proposed a referendum on this issue. This proposal was included in the election campaign of David Gamkrelidze , the presidential candidate from the New Right / Industrialists bloc, at the early presidential elections held on January 5, 2008 [57] [58]

Nino Burjanadze stated:

 “The patriarch is the greatest authority for me, and all his thoughts and proposals require serious reflection. The proposal he expressed was designed for the future, but, nevertheless, the Parliament is ready to discuss this issue. ” 

One of the representatives of the “parliamentary majority”, the vice-speaker of the Georgian Parliament, Mikhail Machavariani, said:

 “Personally, I am a supporter of a parliamentary republic, but at this stage I consider the constitutional changes premature. A referendum on the state system and the restoration of the constitutional monarchy in the spring of 2008 will be premature. The patriarch did not say that the transition to this system should happen right now. Consultations and debates will be held, but the transition to this system is premature. This can be done in 7-10 years. ” 

One of the representatives of the “parliamentary majority” Vakhtang Balavadze believes:

 “The very idea of ​​a constitutional monarchy is generally acceptable. However, it will be possible to seriously think about this only after the restoration of the territorial integrity of the country. ” 

One of the representatives of the “parliamentary majority”, Chairman of the Committee on Legal Issues of the Parliament of Georgia Levan Bezhashvili said:

 “The introduction of a constitutional monarchy is a step backward for the country. If someone does not like the political spectrum and political figures, this does not mean that the political system should be radically changed. We live at the beginning of the 21st century, when the presidential and parliamentary republic are the most justified forms of government. ” 

Representatives of the royal Bagrationi dynasty are not in a hurry to resolve this issue. One of the representatives of the Bagrationi dynasty, honorary president of the "National Olympic Committee of Georgia" Jano Bagrationi said:

 “In my opinion, it is too early for Georgia to switch to the model of constitutional monarchy. Of course, such a proposal is acceptable and very important. Young people from the Bagrationi dynasty, who are direct heirs to the throne, live in Tbilisi. Despite this, I think it’s too early to restore the monarchy, because we are not ready for this yet. ” 

[63]

Skeptics say that the restoration of the monarchy is technically impossible for several reasons, including the number of candidates and the unresolved issue of succession on the Georgian throne. In addition, they believe that the criteria for choosing a king will lead to major disagreements. [60]

Supporters of the constitutional monarchy continue to argue that this form of government will best protect the interests of Georgian citizens; the monarch " will reign, but not rule, " and act as a guarantor of stability and national unity. [58] They believe that a return to the monarchy will be a triumph of “historical justice,” referring to the fact that the royal Bagration dynasty never rejected or was overthrown by the Georgian people, but was removed from power by a foreign power (the Russian Empire). [57] [64]

Notes

  1. ↑ Janashia S. N. About one example of a distortion of historical truth. Tb., 1946, p. 19-20.
  2. ↑ Sebeos. History of Armenia. Ed. Patkanyan. St. Petersburg, 1862, p. 10, 171, etc.
  3. ↑ History of Armenia by Moses Khorensky. Per. I. Emin. M., 1858, p. 61.
  4. ↑ Ingorokva P. Decree. Op., p. 77-79; Mamulia G. The Origin of Class Society and State in Ancient Kartli. Tb., 1979. p. 114-155.
  5. ↑ Toumanoff C. Studies ..., p. 316-318 and others.
  6. ↑ George Merchule. Life ..., p. 263, per., P. 96.
  7. ↑ For literature on the issue, see: M. Lortkipanidze. Legend of the Origin of Bagration. - VINK, Tb., 1966, p. 144-149 (in cargo. Languages.).
  8. ↑ Hovhannes Draskhanakertzi. Information about Georgia. Ed. I.A. Abuladze. Tb., 1937, p. 3; Constantinus Porphyrogenetus. De administrando Imperio, p. 45, Georgica, IV, part 2, p. 255.
  9. ↑ Ingorokva P. Decree. Op., p. 76-77; Lortkipanidze M. D. Legend of the origin of the Bagration. - VINK, Tb., 1966, p. 147-149 (in Georgian).
  10. ↑ For the compilation of “Kartlis Tskhovreba,” the works included in this collection, and the cycles of the collection, see S. G. Kaukhchishvili , Preface to “Kartlis Tskhovreba,” I, Tbilisi, 1955, p. 021-034; ibid., see main literature. See also “Matian Kartlis”, translation, introduction and notes by M. D. Lordkipanidze, Tbilisi, 1975, p. 13, 14.
  11. ↑ К. Г. Григолия, Ахали Картлис цховреба (Новая история Грузии), Тбилиси, 1954, с. 197—287 (на груз. яз.)
  12. ↑ Сумбат Давитис-дзе, История, см. ниже, с. 27.
  13. ↑ Хроника Сумбата Давитис-дзе о Багратионах Тао-Кларджети, издание текста, введение, примечания и генеалогические таблицы Е. Такайшвили, МИГК, 27. 1949, введение, с. 27 , с. 11—12 (на груз. яз.).
  14. ↑ И. А. Джавахишвили, Цель, источники и методы истории, кн. I, Древнегрузинская историческая литература, Тбилиси, 1945, с. 193 (на груз. яз.).
  15. ↑ Н. Адонц, Армения в эпоху Юстиниана, СПб., 1909, с. 413.
  16. ↑ Себеос, История Армении, под ред. Патканяна, СПБ., 1862, с. 7, 10, 177 и др.
  17. ↑ История Армении Моисея Хоренского, пер. И. Эмина, М., 1858, с. 61.
  18. ↑ Е. Такайшвили, Хроника Сумбата Давитис-дзе о Багратионах Тао-Кларджети, с. 24 (на груз. яз.); E. Taqaishvili, Georgian chronology and the beginning of Bagratide rule in Georgia, «Georgica». A Journal of Georgian and Caucasian Studies, v. I, № 1, 1935, с. eighteen; К. Кекелидзе, История грузинской литературы, I, 1960. с. 154 (на груз. яз.); С. Джанашиа, Сведения Константина Порфирородного о Багратионах Тао-Кларджети, Труды ТГУ. XVIII, 1941, с. 69—85 (на груз. яз.); П. Ингороква, Гиорги Мерчуле, Тбилиси, 1954. с. 76—77 (на груз. яз.); С. Каухчишвили, Георгика, IV, 1955, с. 255—256 (на груз. яз.); История Грузии, под ред. С. Джанашиа, I, Тбилиси, 1946, с. 190—191.
  19. ↑ И. Абуладзе, Сведения Иоанна Драсханакертци о Грузии, Тбилиси, 1937, с. 3 (на груз. яз.).
  20. ↑ J. Marquart, Osteuropäische und Ostasiatische Streifrüge, Leipzig, 1903, с. 403.
  21. ↑ К. Кекелидзе, указ. работа, с. 154; П. Ингороква, указ. работа, с. 76—77.
  22. ↑ История Грузии, I, с. 190—191.
  23. ↑ Е. Такайшвили, указ. работа, с. 25—26; Г. Мамулиа создание данной легенды также связывает с концом VIII века. См. Генезис реформ «царя» Арчила и их политическая тенденция, сб. «Разыскания по истории Грузии и Кавказа», Тбилиси, 1976, с. 121 (на груз. яз.).
  24. ↑ Скончался Ашот в 826 г. (или 836 г.). По вопросу датировки деятельности Ашота Багратиони см. К. Кекелидзе, К хронологии Ашота Великого, «Этюды по истории древнегрузинской литературы», 8, 1962, с. 251—257; Т. Ломоури, Сведения Сумбата Давитис-дзе и Гиорги Мерчуле о грузинских Багратионах IX—X вв. Sat «Арили», 1925, с. 48—50; П. Ингороква, Гиорги Мерчуле, с. 39—50; А. Богверадзе, К дате смерти Ашота I великого курапалата. Sat «Вопросы истории феодальной Грузии», I, 1970, с. 131—138 (на груз. яз.); C. Toumanoff, Date of the death of the Curopalates Ashot the great of Iberia, «Le Museon», LХ1Х, 1—2, 1956, с. 83—85.
  25. ↑ Подробнее, с указанием литературы, см. М. Лордкипанидзе. Легенда о происхождении Багратионов, сб. «Вопросы истории народов Кавказа», Тбилиси, 1966, с. 144—149 (на груз. яз.).
  26. ↑ Фавстос Бузанд, История Армении, Ереван, 1953, с. 196; И. Абуладзе, Сведения Иоанна Драсханакертци о Грузии, с. 3.
  27. ↑ П. Ингороква, Гиорги Мерчуле, с. 77—79; Г. Мамулиа, Происхождение династии Багратионов и образование царства Картли (Иберии), журн. «Мнатоби», № 2, 1971, с. 171—191 (на груз. яз.).
  28. ↑ C. Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History, 1963, Georgetown University Press, с. 277—354.
  29. ↑ Г. С. Мамулиа, К вопросу об одном источнике Сумбата сына Давида, «Грузинское источниковедение», III, Тбилиси, 1971 с 115—116 (на груз. яз.).
  30. ↑ Е. С. Такайшвили, указ. работа, с. 13—15.
  31. ↑ К. Г. Григолия, Ахали Картлис цховреба, с. 225—235.
  32. ↑ Е. С. Такайшвили, Источники грузинских летописей, СМОМПК, вып 28, Тифлис. 1900, с. 42, 118, 174—175, 177; Г. И. Гелашвили Сумбат Давитис-дзе и «Матиане Картлиса», Труды ТГУ, 87, 1960, с. 235—256; также «Матиане Картлиса», русский перевод, введение и примечания М. Лордкипанидзе, с. 21.
  33. ↑ Е. С. Такайшвили, указ. работа, с.15; Об источниках «Истории» Сумбата, см. также: C. Toumanoff, Iberia on the eve of Bagratide Rule, Le Museon, LXV, 1—2, 1952, с. 21—22; Его же, Studies…, с. 423—427.
  34. ↑ С. Г. Каухчишвили, указ. работа, с. 37—39; Г. И. Гелашвили, указ. работа, с. 239—256.
  35. ↑ Е. С. Такайшвили, указ. работа, с. fifteen.
  36. ↑ Хотя вопрос спорный и вызывает серьезные возражения.
  37. ↑ И. Джавахишвили, указ. работа, с. 192—194; Е. Такайшвили, указ. ed. Вступительная статья. C. Toumanoff, Iberia…, с. 22.
  38. ↑ Сумбат, История с. 31.
  39. ↑ Сумбат, История с. 28.
  40. ↑ И. Джавахишвили, указ. работа, с. 192—193.
  41. ↑ Сумбат, История, с. 40—41.
  42. ↑ 1 2 Сумбат, История, с. 42.
  43. ↑ Lang, David Marshall (1962), A Modern History of Georgia, pp. 42-70. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  44. ↑ Бердзенишвили Н. А., Джавахишвили И. А., Джанашиа С. Н.* История Грузии. Тбилиси, 1946, с. 419; Бердзенишвили Н. А., Дондуа В. Д., Думбадзе М. К., Меликишвили Г. А., Месхиа Ш. А., Ратиани П. К.* История Грузии, 1. Тбилиси, 1968, с. 387.
  45. ↑ Suny, R. G. The making of the Georgian nation / R. G. Suny. — 2 nd ed. — [Bloomington, IN] : Indiana University Press, 1994. — P. 70-71. — 418 p. — ISBN 0-253-20915-3 .
  46. ↑ Jones, Stephen F. (2005), Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883—1917, p. 292.
  47. ↑ Edward Alsworth Ross (1918), Russia in Upheaval, pp. 67-8. New York City: Century Co.
  48. ↑ «Prince George Bagration of Mukhrani, Claimant to the throne of Georgia who became well known in Spain as a fearless motor racing and rally driver». The Times. 2008-02-02. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3291285.ece . Retrieved 2008-02-09.
  49. ↑ 1 2 Архивированная копия (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 2 февраля 2010. Архивировано 4 марта 2016 года.
  50. ↑ Сайт РИА-Новости Georgian riot police use tear gas, water cannons on protesters
  51. ↑ Сайт Лента.ру Оппозиция против Саакашвили
  52. ↑ Сайт Лента.ру http://lenta.ru/news/2007/11/07/gas/
  53. ↑ Сайт РИА-Новости В результате столкновений в Тбилиси пострадали 360 человек
  54. ↑ 1 2 Грузия возвращается к монархии! | Я 2020
  55. ↑ Российский Имперский Союз-Орден. Ставропольский отдел. Современная монархия (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 2 февраля 2010. Архивировано 30 мая 2010 года.
  56. ↑ Предложение Католикоса Илии II о введении в Грузии конституционной монархии рассмотрят в комитетах и фракциях парламента страны / Новости / Патриархия.ru
  57. ↑ 1 2 3 4 Zaza Jgharkava (October 18, 2007). Will a Constitutional Monarchy Be Restored in Georgia?. Georgia Today, Issue #379.
  58. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Giorgi Lomsadze (December 18, 2007). Time for a King for Georgia?. EurasiaNet Civil Society.
  59. ↑ РЕЛИГИЯ и СМИ — Илия II возвращает Багратионов на царство
  60. ↑ 1 2 Nino Edilashvili (October 15, 2007). Is a Constitutional Amendment the Only Way out for Georgia?. The Georgian Times.
  61. ↑ Vladimir Socor (October 26, 2007). Georgian radical opposition fancying regime change. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume 4, Issue 199.
  62. ↑ 11. Nino Khutsidze (October 31, 2007). 'No Compromise on Elections Date' (An interview with Giga Bokeria). Civil Georgia.
  63. ↑ Мнения по поводу перехода Грузии к конституционной монархии разделились — Новый Регион
  64. ↑ Declaration of New Rights Party regarding advisability of re-establishing the Constitutional Monarchy in Georgia. The New Rights Party. October 8, 2007.

See also

  • Порядок наследования грузинского престола
  • Заговор грузинского дворянства 1832 года

Links

  • Монархия в Открытом Каталоге
Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Монархизм_в_Грузии&oldid=101603848


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