Annensky, Nikolai Fedorovich

Nikolai Fedorovich Annensky was born in St. Petersburg in 1843 . Father - Fedor Nikolaevich Annensky (1815-1880) - a hereditary nobleman , a graduate of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (1832); in 1849 he was appointed to Siberia, where he held the position of adviser and head of the department of the Main Directorate of Western Siberia. Mother - Natalya Petrovna (d. 10.25.1889), nee Karamolina (or Karmalina), according to family tradition, reflected in the memoirs of S. Ya. Elpatievsky about N.F. Annensky, came from the Hannibal family, since her mother was married to one of the sons of Abram Hannibal ^[2] .

In connection with the appointment of his father, in 1849 the family moved to Omsk . Nikolai studied in the Omsk cadet corps , which he graduated in 1860 . His service began a year earlier in the Tomsk provincial office as a scribe.

After returning to Petersburg in 1860, where his father took the post of special assignment officer in the Ministry of the Interior , Nikolai, violating the will of his father who wanted to continue his career, began to attend a lecture at St. Petersburg University as a volunteer.

In 1865, he passed the gymnasium certificate. The following year, Nicholas married P.N. Tkachev’s sister Alexander Nikitichna ( 1840 - 1915 ), (later a teacher, children's writer and memoirist) ^[3] and got a position as a proofreader in the Journal of the Ministry of Education . From 1867 to 1873 he was also an official of the State Audit Office .

Having divorced ideologically from his father, who went into stock speculation, ruined his family and finally led to his resignation in 1874 , Nikolai became close to the circle of revolutionary youth, primarily Peter Tkachev. He begins to take part in the populist movement. Annensky was among the participants in the Society of Sober Philosophers, a circle of representatives of the Narodnik intelligentsia. ^[3] In 1868, Nikolai Fedorovich held a candidate exam at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University and became a candidate for law. In the same year he began his journalistic activities (translations of “The History of Civilization in Germany ”, Sherra; “The Role of Public Opinion in State Life”, Goltsendorf). ^[4] The following year, Annensky was arrested for communication with Tkachev, but released for lack of evidence. He spoke at the trial of S. G. Nechaev as a witness from the defense ^[3] .

At the beginning of the 70s, Annensky became close to the circle of “Domestic Notes” , but it began to print there only at the end of the 70s. At the poet A. A. Olkhin’s apartment (“Olkhinsky Club”), he met N.K. Mikhailovsky , who had a significant influence on Annensky’s worldview and determined his journalistic vocation, and with Gleb Uspensky ^[3] .

In 1900, Annensky formulated the prerequisites and sources of his worldview: peasant reform, university science and journalism (Nekrasovskiy Sovremennik ). In 1873, Annensky passed the exam at the Faculty of Philology of the University of Kiev for a candidate of historical and philological sciences. Then he began working as a statistician at the Ministry of Railways (working for 1880 ), represented Russia at international statisticians' congresses in Budapest ( 1877 ) and in Rome ( 1878 ). Prior to this, in 1875 he attended a meeting of the Jurassic section of the Anarchist International ^[3] .

According to the testimony of the wife of N.F. Annensky - A.P. Annenskaya, - many articles in the underground editions of "Earth and Freedom" and "Narodnaya Volya" were "discussed and compiled with his participation," and according to V. G. Korolenko , in late 70s the literary name of Nikolai Annensky received "honorable fame" among writers and journalists ^[3] .

After the shot of A.K. Solovyov in Alexander II, Annensky was arrested a second time in June 1879 , but was soon released on bail of 10 thousand rubles. According to his wife, Annensky himself was an opponent of terror, hoping for long-term propaganda among the people of socialist ideas ^[3] .

In February 1880, he was again arrested by order of M.T. Loris-Melikov for his political unreliability. In Vyshnevolotsk prison, Annensky met V.G. Korolenko, with whom he maintained friendly relations until the last days. ^[3] In May 1880 he was escorted on a stage to Western Siberia, in the city of Tara, Tobolsk province , where he stayed until the end of February 1881 . After that, he settled in Sviyazhsk , and then in Kazan .

In addition to “Domestic Notes” (“Excursions of businessmen to the field of scientific interests”), the radical journalist has published a lot in “The Case” (“Essays on New Directions in Economic Science”), “Vestnik Evropy” , and “Volzhskiy Vestnik”.

Since 1883, Annensky headed the statistical work of the Kazan provincial zemstvo . Here he organized an expedition to study the areas most affected by crop failures. The estimated state of 4 counties is given. In the appraisal work, the emphasis was on the detailed accounting of land ownership and the justification for determining the yield depending on soils and fertilizers.

Annensky's successful statistical activity aroused the interest of his colleagues in the Nizhny Novgorod province . At the end of December 1886, he was invited to head the Nizhniy Novgorod Zemstvo Estonian Statistical Bureau for a detailed study of the province’s economic condition. The purpose of creating this body was to form the most uniform and fair layout of zemstvo fees.

In 1887, he moved to Nizhny Novgorod and until 1895 led the statistical department of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial zemstvo, giving local statistics a practically populist direction. At the initiative of Annensky in 1887-1890, a detailed analysis of the profitability of all land in the Nizhny Novgorod province was carried out. At the same time, a thorough census of the peasants was conducted, information was collected on the status of subsidiary crafts, and the literacy of the population.

Annensky became the creator of the land valuation method, taking into account the state of soils together with economic factors, this was facilitated by his joint work with the outstanding soil scientist N. M. Sibirtsev . As IA Bunin later said, in Kharkov, among the local radical intelligentsia, he was famous for “the famous statistician Annensky, whose name was pronounced with constant admiration”.

The reasons for Annensky's fame lay in the fact that in the Nizhny Novgorod province the production of statistical work was brought to such a high level that local statistics made it possible to predict losses from an impending crop failure, organize preliminary purchase of cheap grain and thereby muffle the consequences of a crop failure in 1891 . Nikolai Fedorovich took part in the preparation of statistical collections in the Kazan province , “Materials for the assessment of the lands of the Nizhny Novgorod province . The economic part ”(Nizhny Novgorod, 1888-1900).

N.F. Annensky organized a whole school of Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo statistics . Under his leadership, a circle of talented statisticians from Nizhny Novgorod was formed (O. E. Schmidt, N. M. Kislyakov , M. A. Plotnikov, N. I. Dryagin, D. V. Konstantinov, K. N. Ermolinsky ^[5] ). He initiated an exchange of information with local residents from among literate peasants and priests in order to obtain preliminary information on the status of future crops.

In Nizhny Novgorod, Annensky renewed his acquaintance with V. G. Korolenko. Together, they became a kind of attractive cultural center for disparate circles of the local intelligentsia. In 1892-1893, Annensky together with Korolenko took an active part in the fight against hunger . “New Minin and Pozharsky from Nizhny”, as their journalist colleagues jokingly called them, appeared in the Russian Thought magazine in 1892-1893 with a series of notes “Current Life” under the joint pseudonym Provincial Observer . In addition to Russian Thought, Annensky is also published in Russian Gazette .

Along with V. G. Korolenko and N. K. Mikhailovsky, Annensky was among the initiators of the illegal meeting of the People’s Law party in Saratov in June 1893 . ^[3]

In 1894, N.K. Mikhailovsky invited Annensky and Korolenko to take part in the Russian wealth magazine of the Narodniks. They continued to perform together under the joint pseudonym O. B. A. , (the cycle "Random Notes"), as well as independently. Annensky has been leading a chronicle of Inner Life in a magazine since 1894, a bibliography. During these years he was already an eminent representative of liberal populism and a very active member of the editorial board of the magazine.

After the death of Mikhailovsky in 1904, Annensky headed the literary committee (chairman of the editorial board) of Russian Wealth. He wrote "A Brief History of the Partnership for the publication of" Russian Wealth "." A long-term employee of the journal and one of the members of his literary committee P. F. Yakubovich called him “irreplaceable cement in the journal” (letter to Korolenko dated February 4, 1909 - GBL). Annensky “connected us with the wide literary world” according to the description of another authoritative journalist A. V. Peshekhonov (Korolenko's letter of October 10, 1912 - GBL).

Editorial and journalistic activities in the magazine demanded that Annensky move to the capital; it became possible in 1895 . Finally, he left Nizhny Novgorod in March 1896 . However, journalistic activity continued in parallel with the previous work as a statistician. In 1896-1900, he headed the statistical department of the St. Petersburg City Council, took part in the preparation of the "Statistical Yearbook of St. Petersburg" (1898-1900). In 1901, for the " Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron " wrote an article about P. N. Tkachev .

After moving to St. Petersburg, the most ebullient and fruitful period of N.F. Annensky's activity begins. He took part in the All-Russian Census of 1897 , participated in the two-volume collection “The Effect of Crops and Grain Prices on Some Sides of the Russian National Economy,” compiled on behalf of the Ministry of Finance by the Narodnik and liberal economists edited by professors A. I. Chuprov and A. S. Posnikova (St. Petersburg, 1897).

Annensky is a permanent member of various opposition organizations and societies, who has done a lot for the committee of the Literary Fund, the committee of the Union of Mutual Assistance of Russian Writers (1897-1901), of which he was chairman. He participated in arbitration and the court of honor in literary matters, was chairman of the first All-Russian Congress of Writers in 1905 , at which an independent Writers' Union, not approved by the government, was formed, was at the origins of the St. Petersburg Literary Society ( 1907 ).

Nikolai Fedorovich was a regular member of the board of the Free Economic Society since 1895 , on December 4, 1899 he was elected chairman of the III branch of the Free Economic Society (agricultural economy and statistics). In 1904, he became chairman of the commission on the peasant question, which was registered at the III division of society. On April 19, 1906, N.F. Annensky was elected vice president of the company and was in this position until May 2, 1909 . In the last years of his life, society approved him as his honorary member.

Nikolay Annensky, being a bright personality, had a lively, responsive nature and remarkable eloquence, exerting a huge influence on all those who turned to his assistance in the field of statistics and literature. He is in the thick of things during student unrest in the early 1900s, at the funeral of N.K. Mikhailovsky. During the demonstration at the Kazan Cathedral . On March 4, 1901, Annensky became “a breast between youth and Cossacks,” and “when he was brought home, beaten up, his face unrecognizably swollen and covered with bruises, it was the subject of funny jokes” (Korolenko - GBL, f. 135 . I, d. 720, l. 21).

According to the characterization of S. Ya. Elpatievsky, Annensky was a “born leader” - an exponent of “protest, anger, and fun” (Elpatievsky - “Russian wealth”, 1912, No. 10, pp. 370-71). In 1903-1905 he was one of the leaders of the liberal "Union of Liberation" . He was involved in the so-called Culinary Commission , gathering under the guise of companionable dinners members of the Writers Union dissolved by the government. During the revolutionary events of 1905, he spoke with great success at all kinds of campaign meetings.

His activities did not go unnoticed by the government. As the initiator of a letter of protest of 44 writers, he was expelled from St. Petersburg for a year and left for Finland . In February 1904, Annensky was arrested on the occasion of the funeral of N.K. Mikhailovsky and again forced to leave Petersburg to live in Revel until the fall of 1904. In January 1905, he was again arrested for participating, along with other writers, in a writer's deputation led by Maxim Gorky to S. Yu. Witte and P.D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky ; on January 8, he was imprisoned for three weeks in the Trubetskoy bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress .

In 1905, Annensky took part as a representative of the Russian Wealth group at the congress of the Socialist Revolutionary Party , but since the position of the Socialist Revolutionaries seemed too radical to Annensky, he did not enter the party itself. Instead, together with A. V. Peshekhonov and V. A. Myakotin in 1906, he took part in the organization of the party of people's socialists . Thus, the right wing of the Social Revolutionaries was deprived of part of the electorate. The agrarian program of the party (nationalization of the land) interested V.I. Lenin at the time .

In 1906, Annensky became a member of the Shlisselburg Committee , whose appeals he published together with V. I. Semevsky and V. Ya. Bogucharsky in the journal Byloe , and a member of the editorial board of the Gallery of Shlisselburg Prisoners, where he posted an article about A. V. Dolgushin . In " ESB " he published an article dedicated to his brother-in-law P.N. Tkachev, and in the "Anniversary collection of the literary fund" he posted memoirs about N.K. Mikhailovsky. The Great Reform published his work on N. G. Chernyshevsky .

In the last years of his life, due to illness, Annensky completely departed from political work. В марте 1912 года он был председателем на международной конференции в Ницце , посвящённой 100-летней годовщине А. И. Герцена и произнёс свою последнюю речь.

Умер Николай Фёдорович 26 июля 1912 года вблизи Куоккалы . Похоронен на Литераторских мостках на Волковском кладбище Санкт-Петербурга ^[6] . Большевики в связи со смертью Анненского в некрологе «Правды» высказали «своё искреннее соболезнование» «Русскому богатству», назвав Анненского «одним из стойких представителей честной демократической мысли» (1912, 27 и 29 июля).

Младший брат Николая Иннокентий Анненский , признанный поэт- символист и знаток античности, в молодости испытал на себе огромное положительное влияние старшего брата и его жены, о чём рассказал в своей автобиографии («всецело обязан интеллигентным бытием»). Николай готовил Иннокентия к поступлению в университет и в ранние годы его жизни опекал его. ^[2] При жизни Николая окружали слава и признание, в то время как творчество Иннокентия оставалось практически безвестным читателю. Ныне же разнообразная конструктивная и продуктивная деятельность Николая, подчинённая преимущественно интересам политической целесообразности и идеологически детерминированная, прочно забыты.

Articles

• Экскурсии дельцов в область научных интересов. — «Отечественные записки», 1878, май, июль;
• Обзор деятельности комиссии для исследования железнодорожного дела. — «Вестник Европы», 1882, май;
• Очерки новых направлений в экономической науке. — «Дело», 1882, апрель, август, октябрь, декабрь.
• Письма из провинции. — «Дело», 1884, январь;
• Государственная роспись на 1884 год. — «Дело», 1884, март;
• Текущая жизнь (с В. Г. Короленко). — «Русская мысль», 1892, декабрь, 1893, январь, июль;
• Сорок лет назад, в сб. «На славном посту», СПб., 1900;
• Случайные заметки (с В. Г. Короленко). — «Русское богатство», 1904—1905 гг.;
• Ткачев, Петр Никитич // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Александр Васильевич Долгушин. — в сб. «Галерея шлиссельбургских узников». Часть 1. — СПб., 1907 г.;
• Памяти Н. К. Михайловского. — в сб. «Юбилейный сборник Литературного фонда». 1859—1909. СПб., 1910 г.;
• Воспоминания о Чернышевском. — в сб.: «Памяти Н. Г. Чернышевского». СПб., 1910;
• Н. Г. Чернышевский и крестьянская реформа. — в сб. « Великая реформа ». Русское общество и крестьянский вопрос в прошлом и настоящем. Юбилейное издание. В шести томах. Т. 4. — М.: Изд. товарищества И. Д. Сытина, 1911, стр. 220—279.

Участие в сборниках

• «Влияние урожаев и хлебных цен на некоторые стороны русского народного хозяйства». — Под ред. prof. А. И. Чупрова и А. С. Посникова, — СПб., 1897;
• «Материалы к оценке земель Нижегородской губернии». Экономическая часть. — Нижний Новгород, 1888—1900. 14 выпусков
• «Статистический ежегодник Санкт-Петербурга» (1898—1900).
• «Нужды деревни». — СПб., 1904;

• Фортунатов А. Ф. Анненский, Николай Федорович // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Грасс Л. И. — Страхование посевов, 1892.
• Горький М. Н. Ф. Анненский. 1890—1905. Встречи с Анненским. // Собр. соч. в 30-ти т. Т. 17. — М., 1952. — С. 92—96.
• Нижегородское окружение А. М. Горького. Bibliographic reference. — Горький, 1968.
• Анненская А. Н. Из прошлых лет // «Русское богатство». — 1913. — № 1—2;
• Рихтер Д. И. Н. Ф. Анненский — земский статистик. — СПб., 1913.
• Елпатьевский С. Я. Н. Ф. Анненский и В. Г. Короленко // Воспоминания (За пятьдесят лет). — Л., 1929;
  • Елпатьевский С. Я. Николай Федорович Анненский // Литературные воспоминания (Близкие тени. Ч. II). — М., 1916. — С. 91—115 с портр.;
• Святловский Е. Н. Ф. Анненский // Труды Вольного экономического общества. Т. I. Кн. 3-4. — СПб., 1912;
• Архив В. А. Гольцева . Т. I. — М., 1914;
• Глинский Б. Б. Н. Ф. Анненский // Среди литераторов и учёных. — СПб., 1914;
• Короленко В. Г. О Н. Ф. Анненском; Третий элемент // Воспоминания о писателях. — М., Мир, 1934;
• Короленко В. Г. История моего современника. — М., 1965;
• В. Г. Короленко в воспоминаниях современников. — М.: ГИХЛ, 1962.
• Петрова М. Г. Негласная беседа о Чернышевском // Русская литература. — 1985. — № 2;
• Шацилло К. Ф. Русский либерализм накануне революции 1905—1907 гг. — М., 1985;
• Пирумова Н. М. Земская интеллигенция и её роль в общественной борьбе до начала XX века. — М., 1986;
• Указатель статей, помещённых в журнале «Русское богатство» с 1893 по 1911 гг. — СПб., 1911;
• История дореволюционной России в дневниках и воспоминаниях. — Аннотированный указатель книг и публикаций в журналах. Т. 3, ч. 1. М., 1979. Раздел «Деятели либерального движения», с. 288—289;
• Тыркова-Вильямс А. В. На путях к свободе. — Нью-Йорк, 1952. — С. 62 (см. публикацию А. В. Лаврова, Р. Д. Тименчика, прим. 2, ПК, прим. 2. — С. 117.)
• Русские писатели 1800—1917. — Биографический словарь. Т. 1. — М.: Советская Энциклопедия, 1989.
• Tatyana Bogdanovich The Tale of My Life. Memories. 1880-1909. - Novosibirsk: Publishing House “Svinin and Sons”, 2007.
• Fedorov A.V. Innokenty Annensky lyricist and playwright // I. Annensky. Poems and tragedies. - L .: Soviet writer, 1990.

N. A. Kotlyarevsky noted great critical talent and rare wit in Annensky, "which was just right for Herzen and Saltykov ." In a letter to Korolenko on September 4, 1912, L. N. Andreev noted that Nikolai Fedorovich belonged to those who “raised all literature to the height of a strict and incorruptible public service” (IRLI, f. 9, op. 2, d. 24). A. I. Kuprin considered Annensky “among the most dear to him literary names” (Ogonyok, 1913, No. 20, p. 10).

• Press reviews on the death of N. F. Annensky - “Russian wealth”, 1912, No. 9, 10, 11;
• Kotlyarevsky N. A. - In memory of Annensky - “Speech”, 1912, Dec 18;
• Semevsky V. I. - On the characteristic of Annensky - “Russian wealth”, 1912, No. 8;
• Petrishchev A. B. - Tombstone. - “Russian wealth”, 1912, No. 8; Meetings with N.F. Annensky in his apartment and in the editorial office of the Russian Wealth magazine.
• A.V. P <Yeshekhonov>. - A few lines to the description of Annensky - “Russian wealth”, 1912, No. 9; Annensky's moral appearance and social activities, his stories about being in exile.
• Korolenko V.G. - About Nikolai Fedorovich Annensky. "Russian wealth", 1912, No. 8. 1870-1912. The last months of Annensky’s life. Biographical information about him. Memories of meetings with Annensky, a characteristic of his personality.
• Kranichfeld V.P. - In memory of N.F. Annensky. "The modern world", 1912, No. 8, p. 313-322. Description of the scientific and social activities of Annensky. Memories of teamwork in the Petersburg literary society.
• Kryukov F. D. - In memory of N. F. Annensky. "Russian wealth", 1912, No. 9, p. 172-175. 1900s Description of Annensky as a person. His participation in the Thursday on the editors of Russian Wealth.
• In memory of Nikolai Fedorovich Annensky. - “New Dawn”, 1912, 7/8, p. 105-107. At the end of the text: A. P. In “Russian Wealth” it is written “Our Dawn”, No. 10, p. 383. 1890-1900s. Memoirs on the work of Annensky as a zemstvo statistician in Nizhny Novgorod, on a joint visit to the Petrograd discussion circle of Marxists and Narodniks, on the activities of Annensky in the St. Petersburg literary society.
• Pravda, July 1912, July 27 and 29.
• " Niva ", 1912, No. 32.

• Digital Archive of Innocent Annensky