Markhashi ( Mar-ḫa-ši KI 𒈥𒄩𒅆𒆠, transliteration options: Marhashi , Marhasi , Parhasi , Barhasi ; in the early sources Waraḫše , Varakhsh , Varahs ) - a city-state of the 3rd millennium BC e. that existed east of Elam on the Iranian plateau . Known from Mesopotamian sources. The exact location has not been established. A number of scholars relate it to the Jiroft culture . If this hypothesis is true, then the city of Markhashi occupies an intermediate position between Elam and the Harappan civilization . The inscription of Lugalannemundu , the ruler of the city of Adab , localizes this city, along with Elam, south of the Gutians . Lugalleannemundo also notes that he fought against their king, Migir-Enlil of Varahsh. Frankfort and Tranble [1] on the basis of Akkadian textual and archaeological evidence proposed to identify Ancient Margiana with the kingdom of Markasha.
It is known that the kings of the Aman dynasty of Elam opposed the attempts of the Sumerian rulers to seize the market in Varakhsh - the kingdom east of Elam on the Iranian plateau, which was replete with luxury goods of various kinds, especially precious stones. During the Akkadian Empire, the kingdom of Varakhsh was conquered by Sargon the Great . After this, Sidgau, the ruler of Varakhsha, in alliance with Luh-ishan from Avan, unsuccessfully rebelled against Rimush , and the Hisep-ratep from Avan in alliance with Varakhsh defeated Naram-Sin .
King Shulga from the dynasty of Ur III gave his daughter Nialimmidash for king Libanukshabash from Markasha, trying to create an alliance with him, which turned out to be short-lived, because from the inscriptions of Shulga's heir, Amar-Sin , it is known about his war against the new king Markhasha, Arvilukpi.
In the future, Ibbi-Suen and Hammurabi mention Markhashi in connection with the delimitation of the eastern border in Elam. In contrast, Ilummutabil, the ruler of Dera , in his inscription speaks of his victory over Elam, Markasha and Simashka . After this, the Markhashis are practically not mentioned in the Mesopotamian texts.
To date, no Markhashi has been found. A number of archaeologists identify it with the archaeological site of Konar Sandal in Iran .
See also
- Giroft culture
- Meluha
- Aratta
- Hamazi
- Subartu
Notes
- ↑ Francfort H.-P., Tremblay X. Marhaši et la civilization de l'Oxus // Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLV (2010), pp. 51-224. doi: 10.2143 / IA.45.0.2047119.
Literature
- Potts, DT, Total prestation in Marhashi-Ur relations , Iranica Antiqua 37 (2002).
- Olmstead, AT, The Babylonian Empire , The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (1919), p. 72.
- Michael Witzel, Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan; 1.9. The Southern Indus language: Meluhhan , EJVS 5 (1999) [1] .
- Bertrand Lafont, The Toponym Ligri ki , Cuneiform Digital Library Bulletin (2002) [2]
- http://www.judaea.ru/hist_news/hist_arheology/najjden_drevnijj_vrag_shumerov/
- http://forum.gardarike.org/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=69 (link not available)