Social security law

The subject of social security law is a complex set of relations of both material and procedural-procedural nature arising in connection with the distribution of a part of GDP through the social security system ^[2] .

1. Relationships for social security of citizens in cash.
2. Relationships for the provision of various social services (natural provision)
3. Procedural and procedural relations related to the implementation and protection of the right to a particular type of social security: 1) Establishment of legal facts, 2) Realization of the right, 3) Protection of the rights. ^[2] .

The method of social security law is a combination of methods and methods of legal regulation of social relations for the social security of citizens, the specificity of which is objectively determined by the distributional nature of these relations. This set covers both general legal and intersectoral regulatory techniques, as well as those specific to the industry.

1. The combination of imperative and dispositive methods of legal regulation with the imperative imperative unchanged, that is, is prescriptive.
2. The combination of centralized legal regulation with regional, municipal and local (Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Contractual regulation is generally not allowed (local regulation). Social security issues are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects. At present, at the federal level, a certain minimum standard for social security is being established, which cannot be lowered by the subjects of the Russian Federation. Compulsory social insurance is regulated only by federal law.
3. Specificity of legal facts (as a rule, these are events that do not depend on the will of the people) and sanctions in the right of social security. Sanctions are right-limiting and restorative, and punitive do not apply. Recovery of damage in the right of social security is made in full, and not limited amount. The right of social security is characterized by the actual absence of sanctions of any form of unlawful, untimely or incomplete provision of social security to a citizen; as well as the general underdevelopment of the institution responsible for violations of the rights of citizens in the field of social security.
4. The relative autonomy of the subjects in relation to each other.
5. The relative nature of the rights of citizens as subjects of relations and the inadmissibility of taking discretionary decisions by the body obligated to provide security.
6. Administrative and judicial procedure for the protection of the violated rights of citizens ^[3] .

1. Economic. Alignment of personal incomes of citizens through the provision of material goods instead of lost earnings or along with it when the social risks specified in the laws occur. Accumulation of funds in targeted sources.
2. Production. The right to many types of social security is stipulated by labor activity, and the level of provision often depends on its nature and amount of remuneration for work. Social security also contributes to the timely withdrawal from social production of an aging labor force and those who have lost the ability to work.
3. Social rehabilitation. It contributes to maintaining the social status of citizens through the provision of various types of material security, social services, benefits to maintain a decent standard of living and prevent impoverishment. Restoration of a full-fledged life activity of a person, which allows him to learn, work, communicate with other people, self-serve.
4. Political It allows the state to implement the main directions of social policy, namely the creation of conditions ensuring a decent life and free development of a person.
5. Demographic. The social welfare system affects many demographic processes - the life expectancy of the population, the reproduction of the population, the stimulation of the birth rate.
6. Spiritual and ideological.
7. Protective. Protection of citizens in difficult life situations ^[4] .

1. The universality of social security. Equal opportunity to receive certain types of social security upon the occurrence of grounds, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, belief, membership in public associations, etc. Social security is provided as citizens of a country and foreign citizens (nationals), as well as stateless persons (stateless persons).
2. Providing social security as an employee, a former employee, their families, and each as a member of society without any connection with the work. Social security provided to employees, former employees and their families does not exclude the provision of many types of social security provided for everyone as a member of society. The exception is the social pension established for everyone as a member of society. It can not be appointed and paid along with a retirement pension.
3. Establishing the level of social security that guarantees a decent human life. Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living, which is provided with an income not lower than the corresponding minimum, at the first stage at least the subsistence level.
4. The variety of grounds and types of social security. Reasons: old age; disability; temporary disability; loss of breadwinner; unemployment; birth of a child; human death; the need for medical care and treatment, drug care, prosthetic and orthopedic care, in a vehicle or vehicle; poverty; raising children in the family; motherhood and fatherhood; involuntary resettlement, etc. Types: 1) Monetary form of security - pensions, allowances, compensation payments; 2) Natural form of security - medical and medicinal assistance, social services, various benefits.
5. Differentiation of conditions and norms of provision depending on a number of socially significant circumstances. The specifics of the work; the area where it was performed or the person lives; subjective features of a person and his family (gender, age, health, causes of disability, the presence of children and their number, etc.); financial situation.
6. The participation of public associations representing the interests of citizens in the development, adoption and implementation of decisions on social security and the protection of their rights. A citizen has the right to unite for the protection of his interests, to participate in the management of state affairs, to appeal to state bodies ^[5] .

According to the scope of the principles it is customary to classify as follows: ^[6]

1. general legal , peculiar to all branches of law;
2. interdisciplinary , reflecting the common features of several branches of law;
3. industry , characterizing the specifics of a particular industry;
4. intrasectoral , relating to individual industry institutions.

The principles of general law include: recognition and guarantee in Russia of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in accordance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law; the inalienability of fundamental human rights and freedoms and their belonging to everyone from birth; recognition of the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen directly applicable; equality of all before the law and the court ; equality of rights and freedoms of men and women and equality of opportunities for their realization; the right of everyone to unite in order to protect their interests; the guarantee of state protection of rights and freedoms, including judicial protection, etc. For a number of branches of law, the rules of which regulate social relations connected with the exercise by citizens of the rights granted to them, the following principles are common, for example: ensuring a decent life and free development of a person, ensuring state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, the disabled and senior citizens, prohibition of forced labor, and others. This is the so-called cross-cutting principles, the most typical To these branches of law as labor, family, social security law ^[7] . In Russian legislation of recent years, regulating individual social security institutions, there is a tendency to consolidate intra-industry principles directly in the norms of law.

International

• International Act “On the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of a Person and a Citizen” ^[8]
• 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights ^[9]
• Conventions and Recommendations of the International Labor Organization (ILO). For example, Convention No. 102 “ On the Minimum Standards of Social Security, 1952 ”, 1952 ^[10] No. 131 “ On the Minimum Wage, 1970 ”. ^[eleven]

National legislation

• Constitution of the Russian Federation
• Federal laws
  • On July 16, 1999 "On the basis of compulsory social insurance" ^[12] .
  • On December 15, 2001 "On Compulsory Pension Insurance" ^[13] .
  • On December 15, 2001 "On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation" ^[14] .
  • On December 17, 2001 "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation" ^[15] .
• Decrees of the President
• Government Decisions. They establish the procedure for applying the Federal Law for certain types of social security, and may also establish additional measures of social protection.
  • On December 30, 2006 “On Approval of the Provision on the Assignment of Payment of Benefits to Citizens with Children” ^[16] .
• Legal acts of the federal executive bodies . The Ministry of Health and Social Development is the central federal authority that implements a unified state policy in the field of social protection.
• Legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation
• Legal acts of municipalities

Generally recognized principles and norms of international law. International experience

The international regulation of social security law has some peculiarities relating in the past to the USSR as a relatively closed public entity. The USSR and Russia have not ratified most of the social welfare conventions developed by the international labor organization and other international organizations. However, there is a so-called tendency to ratify: ratified, in particular, the Convention: “On vocational rehabilitation of disabled persons”, “On the rights of the child”, “On equal treatment and equal opportunities for working men and women: workers with family responsibilities”, and the CIS Convention "On the rights and fundamental freedoms of man."

The most complete reflection of the generally accepted principles and norms of international law were obtained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, approved and proclaimed by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948. These principles were legalized in two International Covenants - on economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights. . They were signed on behalf of the USSR on September 18, 1968 and ratified on September 18, 1973 by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. These pacts came into force in our country, respectively, on January 3, 1976 and March 23, 1976. Both of these covenants are in force in Russia, since Russia recognizes the strength of international agreements concluded by the USSR and is its successor.

We can distinguish three methods of introducing international standards on social welfare in the Russian Federation:

The first is the direct application of the norms contained in international acts, without transforming them into Russian laws.

The second is the inclusion of such norms in Russian laws in whole or in part.

The third is the recording and implementation in regulatory legal acts of domestic legislation of international experience in the field of social security, expressed in relevant international acts to which Russia has not acceded, as well as in the national legislation of other countries. This method was widely used in the USSR.

Sources of international law, their main content

The most significant source is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It is based on the principles proclaimed by the UN Charter and contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Covenant provides that participating States recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance.

All States participating in the Covenant recognize the right of everyone to a standard of living worthy for him and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing and the continuous improvement of living conditions, and pledge to take appropriate measures to implement this right. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with which the Covenant is inextricably linked, also enshrines the human right to social security and the implementation of necessary measures to maintain its dignity.

Many of the norms contained in the Covenant and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are reproduced and developed in the Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen adopted by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on November 22, 1991. The Declaration is not a regulatory legal act, but it notes the need to bring the legislation of the RSFSR into conformity with the standards of human rights and freedoms generally recognized by the international community, the right of everyone to social security is emphasized.

The second most important international act in the field of social security is the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is open for signature and ratification from November 20, 1989, entered into force for the USSR from September 15, 1990.

Further, the Russian Federation joined the Council of Europe, became the 39th member of this organization. The law on the accession of the Russian Federation to the Charter of the Council of Europe was adopted on February 23, 1996. The objectives of creating the Council of Europe are enshrined in its Charter: to work for greater unity in Europe, to defend the principles of parliamentary democracy, the rule of law and human rights, to promote social progress, economic development and securing universal values. In total, the Council of Europe has adopted over one hundred conventions and agreements for more than half a century of activity, among which the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Social Charter are the most significant.

The first documents of the Council of Europe were the European Interim Agreement on Social Security for Old Age, Disability and Survivors and the European Interim Agreement on Social Security in addition to providing in case of old age, disability and loss of a breadwinner, as well as the European Convention on Social and Medical Care. Then the European Social Security Code is developed in cooperation with the International Labor Organization on the basis of its Convention No. 102 (1952) on minimum standards of social security.

Двусторонние соглашения (договоры) о социальном обеспечении были заключены СССР с рядом стран социалистической ориентации — с Народной Республикой Болгарией, Чехословацкой Республикой, Германской Демократической Республикой и др. В соответствии с этими соглашениями граждане одной страны, постоянно проживающие на территории другой страны, во всех вопросах социального обеспечения, как правило, приравниваются к гражданам этой страны, если соглашением не предусмотрено иное.

Социальное обеспечение граждан бывших союзных республик имеет существенные особенности, они определяются Соглашением о гарантиях прав граждан государств — участников Содружества Независимых Государств в области пенсионного обеспечения. Оно заключено правительствами этих государств 13 марта 1992 г. в Москве. Участники СНГ — Россия, Республика Армения, Республика Беларусь, Республика Казахстан, Республика Киргизия, Республика Таджикистан, Республика Узбекистан, Украина. Указанное Соглашение, объективно необходимое после распада СССР, упорядочило пенсионное обеспечение в этих странах, оно обеспечило равные права граждан и сохранение приобретенных ими пенсионных прав в СССР и в странах СНГ.

Страховая пенсия по старости

Трудовая пенсия по старости – это ежемесячная денежная выплата в целях компенсации застрахованным лицам заработной платы или иного дохода, которые они получали перед установлением им трудовой пенсии.

По условиям назначения пенсии по старости можно условно классифицировать на пенсии, назначаемые:

- на общих основаниях (ст.7 Закона от 17.12.2001 г.);

- досрочные пенсии – пенсии, назначаемые ранее достижения общеустановленного пенсионного возраста (то есть ранее 55 лет – женщинам и 60 лет – мужчинам). Условия назначения досрочных пенсий указаны в статьях 27 и 28 Закона от 17.12.2001 г. Кроме того, есть еще одна категория застрахованных лиц, которая, хотя и не перечислена в названных статьях Закона от 17.12.2001 г., но также имеет право на досрочный выход на пенсию – это безработные граждане. Им пенсия назначается на основании Закона РФ «О занятости населения в РФ» от 19.04.91 г.

Трудовая пенсия по инвалидности

Трудовая пенсия по инвалидности – это ежемесячная денежная выплата в целях компенсации гражданам заработной платы и иного дохода, который они получали и утратили в связи с установлением инвалидности.

В соответствии со ст.8 ФЗ от 17.12.2001 г. «О трудовых пенсиях в РФ» право на трудовую пенсию по инвалидности имеют граждане РФ и постоянно проживающие на территории РФ иностранные граждане и лица без гражданства, отвечающие трём условиям:

1.они должны быть зарегистрированы в системе обязательного пенсионного страхования РФ в соответствии с ФЗ от 15.12.2001 «Об обязательном пенсионном страховании в РФ»;

2. они должны быть признаны инвалидами в соответствии с ФЗ от 24.11.1995 «О социальной защите инвалидов в РФ»;

3. им должна быть установлена одна из трех степеней ограничения способности к трудовой деятельности.

Пенсия по случаю потери кормильца

Пенсия по случаю потери кормильца – это ежемесячная денежная выплата, которая назначается в размерах, соизмеримых с заработком умершего (безвестно отсутствующего) кормильца, нетрудоспособным членам семьи, находящимися на иждивении умершего.

Право на пенсию по случаю потери кормильца имеют, согласно ст.9 Закона «О трудовых пенсиях в РФ» нетрудоспособные члены семьи умершего, состоящие на его иждивении, то есть находившиеся на полном содержании умершего или получавшие от него помощь, которая была для них постоянным и основным источником средств к существованию.

• Права и свободы человека и гражданина
• Социальное государство
• Пенсионная система (Россия)
• Пособие по безработице
• Pension
• Social protection
• Социальная работа
• Social Security
• Социальный страховой риск

• Pension Fund of the Russian Federation
• Selection of documents
• The right of social security in the library Gumer

• The right of social security / Ershov VA, Tolmachev I.A Textbook. 2009 - 312s.