For safety reasons, microorganisms are divided into a number of groups according to pathogenicity. In the CIS countries , the EEC and a number of others, the series includes 4 groups differing in serial numbering. Only microorganisms that can cause diseases in humans (from pathogens of especially dangerous diseases to opportunistic microorganisms) are divided into pathogenicity groups. Moreover, microorganisms that cause diseases of animals and plants, but do not lead to human disease, are not considered by pathogenicity groups [1] .
The subdivision into pathogenicity groups allows, in addition to risk assessment, taking into account their danger, to create separate requirements for groups to distinguish a pure culture, admission and working conditions with them, storage, transportation, and other preventive and anti-epidemic measures to prevent infection and the spread of infections, in including regime-restrictive [2] [1] .
Pathogenicity , toxicity and virulence
Pathogenicity - a polydeterminant, genotypic characteristic of a particular organism , responsible for the creation of specific structures (for example, capsule , exotoxins ) or responsible for behavior that violates the integrity of the tissues of animals or humans. Pathogenicity is characterized by specificity, that is, the ability to cause pathophysiological and morphological changes typical for a particular pathogen in certain tissues and organs, provided that it is naturally infected. [3] Most often correspond to a certain type of infectious disease with the appropriate clinic and pathomorphology.
Conditionally pathogenic organisms are the natural inhabitants of various biotopes of the human body, causing diseases with a sharp decrease in general or local immunity. These include, for example, the tick Demodex folliculorum .
Virulence is a quantitative measure of pathogenicity, most often measured in special units of LD 50 - the minimum lethal dose equal to the least amount of pathogen, which, with a certain method of infection, causes the death of 50% of infected animals. Virulence is also associated with toxigenicity - the pathogen's ability to synthesize a toxin, which negatively affects the functions of a susceptible organism. There are endo - and exotoxins .
Pathogenicity classification applicable in the Russian Federation
In accordance with this, sanitary rules have been adopted in Russia that establish requirements for organizational, sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures aimed at ensuring personal and public safety, protecting the environment when working with pathogenic biological agents [4] :
- SP 1.3.2322-08 regulates work with the III-IV pathogenicity group with a pathogen classifier
- SP 1.3.3118-13 for working with the I-II pathogenicity group (introduced from 08.15.2014, instead of SP 1.3.1285-03)
The most dangerous microorganisms are classified in pathogenicity group I and II.
Entrances / exits in the most isolated biological laboratories are equipped with vestibule locks and hermetic doors providing tightness of the premises of the working (dangerous) area of ββthe laboratory
To ensure that bacterial aerosols do not get on the surface of the body and mucous membranes, insulating suits with supercharging and overpressure are used
Work with pathogens of the first group of pathogenicity and pathogens of especially dangerous infections is carried out in biological safety boxes
Autoclaves for neutralization ( sterilization ) of laboratory wastewater
Work with group II pathogens, non-OOI pathogens, in a plague-proof suit in a fume hood with a laminar air flow and equipped with filters for cleaning (neutralizing) the removed air
Box for transporting a patient (or with a suspected illness)
"2.1.3. All types of work with viruses of the first pathogenicity group and microorganisms, the taxonomic position of which is not determined, and the degree of danger has not been studied, and aerobiological studies are carried out in the most isolated laboratories β
Appendix 3, paragraph 2. βEmerging (first isolated) pathogenic biological agents not included in the Classification below, as well as previously known pathogenic biological agents with new pathogenic properties for humans, for which deaths and / or there is evidence of a high epidemic potential, it should be attributed to pathogenicity group II. "
| pathogenicity groups | group of organisms | species composition of the group | diseases |
|---|---|---|---|
| I pathogenicity group | Bacteria | Yersinia pestis | Plague |
| Viruses | |||
| Ebola virus | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | ||
| Pox monkey | |||
| Herpesviridae : | Chronic Encephalitis and Encephalopathy | ||
| Pathogenicity group II | Bacteria | Bacillus anthracis | anthrax |
| Vibrio cholerae (toxigenic strains ) | Cholera | ||
| Burkholderia mallei | Glanders | ||
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | |||
| Francisella tularensis | Tularemia | ||
| Genus Brucella : , , , , , , , , | Brucellosis | ||
| Escherichia coli ( strains producing : O157: H7 , O104: H4 and | |||
| Chlamydophila psittaci | Ornithosis ( psittacosis ) | |
| Rat typhus | ||
| Epidemic typhus Brill's disease - Zinsser | |||
| Rickettsia rickettsii | Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | ||
| Q fever (coxiosis) | |||
| Tsutsugamushi fever | |||
| Viruses | |||
| Semlica fever viruses, Bibaru , Everglades , , , Karelian , , , , Mukambo , Sagium | Semlika fever, Bibaru , Everglades , Chikungunya , O'Nyong Nyong , Karelian , Sindbis , , , Mukambo , Sagium | ||
| ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π‘ , Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ° | |||
| : ΠΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΈ | ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π ΠΈ Π | ||
| Hepadnaviridae : ΠΠΈΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° B | ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ B | ||
| ΠΠΈΡΡΡΡ , ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ° ΠΡΠΎΡΡ , ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΆΠ΅ΠΉΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½-ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ½Π° , Π·Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅Π²-Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΠ½ΠΊΠΎ, | ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ( , , ) | ||
| (ΡΠΎΠ΄ Phlebovirus ): ΠΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ , , , Π ΠΈΡΡ-ΠΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. | ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ , Π ΠΈΡΡ-ΠΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ | ||
| ΠΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ | ΠΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° | ||
| (ΡΠΎΠ΄ Hantavirus ): ΠΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π₯Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π°Π½ , Π‘Π΅ΡΠ» , ΠΡΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π° , Π§ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΎ, ΠΠ½Π΄Π΅Ρ Π’Π°ΠΉΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ , ΠΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²Π°-ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ , Π₯Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊ , Π’ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. | ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ (ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ) ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ | ||
| Reoviridae (ΡΠΎΠ΄ ): ΠΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ , ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ , Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ , Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π§Π°Π½Π³Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π° , ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. | Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ( , , , Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π§Π°Π½Π³Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π° , Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΡΡΠ½Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.) | ||
| ΠΠΈΡΡΡΡ , | ΠΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ( Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ), ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ | ||
| Picornaviridae (ΡΠΎΠ΄ Aphtovirus ): | Π―ΡΡΡ | ||
| Arenaviridae : ΠΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠ° Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ±Π΅ , ΠΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ | ΠΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ | ||
| Π’-Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° | |||
| Coronaviridae : | Π’ΡΠΆΡΠ»ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ | ||
| Orthomyxoviridae : ΠΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠΈΠΏΠΏΠ° (Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ) | Flu | ||
| ΠΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ (Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ) | ΠΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ° | ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ | |
| ΠΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ | |||
| ΠΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ | |||
| Π‘ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈ | ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ· | ||
| ΠΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΡ | Π€Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ° | ||
| ΠΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° | ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Π»ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ I ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° | ||
| ΠΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° | ΠΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ· | ||
| ΠΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Π°-Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ±Π° (Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ CJD ) | ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄Π°-Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ±Π° Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π° β Π¨ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° β Π¨Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° | ||
| ΠΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΡΡ | ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΡ | ||
| Mushrooms (Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ² ) | ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ· | ||
| Coccidioides immitis , | |||
(var. capsulatum ΠΈ ) | ΠΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ· | ||
| Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | |||
| Π’ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ | ΠΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² | ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ , ΡΠΌ. Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ | |
| Π₯ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ | ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΌ. Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° | ||
| Π’Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ | ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΌ. ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π±Π½ΡΠΊ |
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π² Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅, Π―ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌ: ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ IV Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅.
| ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° | ΠΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° | ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° |
|---|---|---|
| ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° I | ΠΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ | ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ |
| ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° II | Π£ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ | ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. Π ΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½. |
| ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° III | ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ | ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ , Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ. |
| ΠΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° IV | ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ | ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π³Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ. |
See also
- ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ
- Quarantine
Notes
- β 1 2 Π¨ΠΈΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π. Π. ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ / ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄: ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π’. Π. ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. // ΠΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡΠ°: ΠΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°. β 2015. β 856 Ρ. ISBN 978-966-382-200-6 . (Π‘. 296).
- β ΠΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π. Π.-Π. ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ: ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ // Π.: ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ -ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ° . β 2011. β 480 Ρ. ISBN 978-5-9704-1830-7 . (Π‘. 21-27).
- β Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ. β ΠΠΠ, 2005. β Π‘. 191. β ISBN 5-89481-278-X .
- β Π. Π. ΠΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎ. Π‘Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π‘Π 1.3.2322-08. β ΠΡΠ»Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ 12.05.2008 Π³. β 19, 2008. β Π‘. 20-34.
- β Π‘Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π‘Π 1.3.3118-13 Β«ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ I β II Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ)Β» / ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 3 // Π.: Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ°. β 2014. β 195 Ρ. ISBN 978-5-7508-1342-1 . (Π‘. 111-125).
- β Π£ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π. Π., ΠΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘. Π. , Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π. Π€. ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ // ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ , 3-Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄. β Π.: Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ. β Π’. 28.
- β ΠΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘. Π. , Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π. Π€. ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ // ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ , 3-Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄. β Π.: Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ. β Π’. 28.
- β ΠΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘. Π. , Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π. Π€. Π¨ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ // ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ , 3-Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄. β Π.: Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ. β Π’. 27.
- β ΠΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ // ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ : [Π² 35 Ρ.] / Π³Π». ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004β2017.
Links
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- Π‘Π 1.3.2322-08 ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ III - IV Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
- Π‘Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π‘Π 1.3.1285-03