World Health Organization

The first body engaged in international cooperation in this matter was the Constantinople Higher Health Council, formed in 1839. Its main tasks were to control foreign ships in the ports of the Ottoman Empire and anti-epidemic measures to prevent the spread of plague and cholera . Later similar councils were created in Morocco (1840) and Egypt (1846). In 1851, the First International Sanitary Conference was held in Paris , in which 12 states participated, including the Russian Empire . The result of this forum was the adoption of the International Sanitary Convention , which determined the order of marine quarantine in the Mediterranean Sea . However, this result was achieved only in 1892 in relation to cholera, and in 1897 - in relation to the plague.

At the beginning of the 20th century, two more intergovernmental health organizations were founded: in 1902, the Pan American Sanitary Bureau ( Washington , USA ), in 1907, the Public Hygiene Bureau in Europe (Paris, France ). Their main functions were to disseminate information on general medical issues (especially infectious diseases). After the First World War in 1923, the International Health Organization of the League of Nations (Geneva, Switzerland) began to function, and at the end of the Second World War in July 1946 in New York, in accordance with the decision of the International Conference on Health, it was decided to create WHO. The WHO Constitution was ratified on April 7, 1948. Since then, April 7 has been celebrated as World Health Day .

It is given according to the official site ^[2] :

• 1948: WHO takes responsibility for the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ).
• 1952-1964: WHO implemented the Global Tropical Granuloma Eradication Program .
• 1974: WHO has been implementing the Onchocerciasis Eradication Program for 30 years.
• 1974: The World Health Assembly adopts a resolution to develop an Expanded Program on Immunization to ensure access to essential vaccines for children .
• 1975: The World Health Assembly adopted the concepts of “essential drugs” and “national drug policy”. Two years later, Lists of essential drugs began to appear.
• 1967-1979: For 12 years, WHO has fully coordinated the campaign to eradicate smallpox . The complete eradication of smallpox throughout the world is WHO's most serious achievement.
• 1978: The International Conference on Primary Health Care sets the historic goal of Health for All.
• 1988: Launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative .
• 1990: Homosexuality removed from mental illness list ^[3]
• 2003: Accepted - WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control .
• 2004: The Global Strategy on Diet and Diet, Physical Activity and Health is adopted.
• 2005: World Health Assembly revises the International Health Regulations .

• World Health Assembly
• Executive committee
• Secretariat

WHO is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland.

Headquarters structure ^[4] :

• CEO
• Deputy General Director
• Office of the Director General (ODG)

Departments

• Family, Women's, and Children's Health (FWC)
• Health Systems and Innovation (HIS)
• General Management (GMG)
• Health and Environmental Safety (HSE)
• HIV / AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases (HTM)
• Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health (NMH)
• Polio, Emergencies and Country Collaboration (RES)

WHO Director-General

In accordance with the WHO Constitution, the Director-General is appointed at the World Health Assembly on the proposal of the Executive Board. WHO Member States submit their proposals with candidates in the prescribed manner to the Executive Board. The Executive Committee carries out the initial consideration of proposals for candidates, draws up a short list of candidates, conducts interviews with them, and assesses the physical condition of the candidate ^[5] . A working group of Member States on the process and methods of election of the Director-General of the World Health Organization was created ^[6] .

WHO Director-Generals

• since 2017 Dr. Tedros Adhan Gebreyesus ^[7] ( Ethiopia )
• 2007—2017 Dr. Margaret Chen ( PRC )
• 2006—2007 Dr. Anders Nordström ( Sweden ) (acting)
• 2003-2006 Dr. Lee Jong-wook ( Republic of Korea )
• 1998-2003 Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland ( Norway )
• 1988-1998 Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima ( Japan )
• 1973-1988 Dr. Halfdan Mahler ( Denmark )
• 1953-1973 Dr. Markolino Gomez Kandau ( Brazil )
• 1948-1953 Dr. Brock Chisholm ( Canada )

• providing international health advice
• setting health standards
• collaboration with national governments in strengthening national health programs
• development and transfer of relevant technologies, information and health standards.

• Strengthening and improving national health services;
• Prevention and control of noncommunicable and infectious diseases;
• Environmental protection and improvement;
• Maternal and child health;
• Training of medical personnel;
• Development of biomedical research;
• Sanitary statistics.

In accordance with Article 44 of the WHO Constitution, from 1949 to 1952, the WHO Regional Offices were opened:

• Regional Office for Europe - in Copenhagen ( Denmark ),
• Regional Office for the Americas - in Washington ( USA ),
• Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean - in Cairo ( Egypt ),
• Regional Office for Southeast Asia - Delhi ( India ),
• Western Pacific Regional Office in Manila, Philippines ,
• Regional Office for Africa - in Brazzaville ( Congo ).

This allowed the World Health Assembly ( WHA ) to implement the principle: “One bureau - one region”. Most decisions are made at the regional level, including a discussion of the WHO budget and decision-making by members of a meeting of a specific regional office ^[8] .

Each bureau has a regional committee that meets once a year, usually in the fall. Representatives from each country of the member or associate member, including representatives of those states that are not fully recognized, take part in the meeting of the WHO regional office. For example, the representative of Palestine attends meetings of the Regional Office of the Eastern Mediterranean. Each region is represented by a regional office ^[8] . The Regional Office is headed by a Regional Director, who is elected by the Regional Committee. The duties of the bureau include approval of decisions, although since 2004 there have been no cases of cancellation of decisions of the regional committee. The process of electing regional directors has been the subject of debate that is not of practical use ^[8] . Since 1999, regional directors have been elected for a five-year term ^[9] .

The Regional Director is the head of WHO for his region. The regional director manages and / or supervises health workers and other specialists in regional offices and specialized centers. Along with the Director-General of WHO and the heads of WHO regional offices, known as WHO Representatives in the region, the Regional Director also has the functions of a direct oversight body in the region.

• International Agency for Research on Cancer - in Lyon ( France ).
• WHO Center for Health Development - in Kobe, Japan .
• WHO Office in Lyon - Lyon, France .
• WHO Mediterranean Center for Health Risk Reduction - Tunisia ( Tunisia ).
• WHO Office in the European Union - in Brussels ( Belgium ).
• WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (Office for NCDs) - in Moscow ( Russia ).
• WHO Office at the United Nations - in New York ( USA ).
• WHO Office at the World Bank and International Monetary Fund - in Washington, DC ( USA ).

The work of WHO is organized in the form of World Health Assemblies, at which representatives of Member States discuss critical health issues annually. Between the Assemblies, the Executive Committee has the main functional role, including representatives of 30 states (among them 5 permanent members: USA , Russia , Great Britain , France and China ). For discussion and consultation, WHO attracts many well-known specialists who prepare technical, scientific and informational materials, organize meetings of expert councils. The publishing activities of WHO are widely represented, including the Director-General's reports on activities, statistical materials, documents of committees and meetings, including reports of the Assembly, executive committees, collections of resolutions and decisions, etc. In addition, WHO journals are published: “WHO Bulletin” , WHO Chronicle, International Health Forum, World Health, Yearbook of World Health Statistics, a series of monographs and technical reports. The official languages ​​are English and French, and the working languages ​​(except those indicated) are Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, German.

WHO activities are carried out in accordance with general programs for 5-7 years, planning is carried out for 2 years. Currently, priority areas are:

• The development of health systems in countries in accordance with the resolution on the basic principles of national health ( 1970 ), which clearly outlines the responsibility of the state, means of prevention, participation of the population, the use of scientific achievements, etc .;
• Training and improvement of health personnel;
• Development of primary health care in accordance with the Almaty Declaration

WHO- UNICEF ( 1978 );

• Protecting and promoting the health of various population groups;
• Environmental protection;
• Fight against infectious and parasitic diseases, immunization and vaccination against the main epidemic diseases;
• Mental health care and promotion;
• Ensuring the health of mother and child;
• Health education information;
• Expanded program of scientific medical research;
• Actual areas of advisory and technical assistance to member countries.

WHO manages to address many important issues. On the initiative of WHO and with the active support of national health systems (including the USSR ), a campaign was carried out to eradicate smallpox in the world (the last case was registered in 1981); tangible is the campaign to combat malaria , the prevalence of which has almost halved, the immunization program against 6 infectious diseases, the organization of detection and combating HIV , the establishment of referral centers in many states, the establishment of primary health care services, medical schools, training courses, etc. The main role of WHO in achieving its goals is advisory, expert and technical assistance to countries, as well as providing the necessary information to teach countries omogat themselves in addressing key health problems. Today, WHO has identified the most important areas of activity of national health systems as: HIV / AIDS , tuberculosis, malaria, promoting safe pregnancy - maternal and child health, adolescent health, mental health, and chronic diseases.

According to the official website ^[2] , between 2006 and 2007, WHO’s total budget was about $ 3.3 billion. Of these, 28% are regular contributions from WHO Member States, and 72% are voluntary contributions from WHO Member States, contributions from the United Nations, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, foundations, local governments, the private sector and interest income.

Since 2008, the six-year medium-term strategic plan (2008–2013), which includes three biennial budget periods, has been used as the basis for WHO's results-based management ^[10] .

• February 4 - World Cancer Day
• March 24 - World Tuberculosis Day
• April 7 - World Health Day
• April 25th - World Malaria Day
• May 31 - World No Tobacco Day
• June 14 - World Blood Donor Day
• July 28 - World Hepatitis Day
• September 10 - World Suicide Prevention Day
• September 28 - World Rabies Day
• October 10 - World Mental Health Day
• November 14 - World Diabetes Day
• November 15 - World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims; indicated day in 2015; third Sunday of November.

These World Days are not part of the UN International Day System.

• September 27 - World Heart Day is the day in 2015; последнее воскресенье сентября .
• 8 октября — Всемирный день зрения указан день в 2015 году; второй четверг октября.
• 24 октября — Всемирный день борьбы с полиомиелитом ^[11]
• 17 ноября — Всемирный день борьбы против хронической обструктивной болезни лёгких

Послы доброй воли — это известные люди из мира искусства, литературы, эстрады, спорта и других областей общественной жизни, которые в тесном сотрудничестве с ВОЗ вносят вклад в усилия ВОЗ в сфере здравоохранения посредством привлечения внимания. Назначаются Генеральным директором на двухлетний срок. ^[12]

Приводится согласно официальному сайту ^[13] :

• январь 2010 год: Генеральный директор ВОЗ, д-р Маргарет Чен, созвала неофициальную консультацию по вопросам будущего финансирования ВОЗ. Однако, участники подняли более фундаментальные вопросы о роли и характере деятельности ВОЗ.
• январь 2011 год: 128-я сессия Исполнительного комитета предложила Секретариату разработать общую концепцию проведения реформы и представить более подробную программу Всемирной ассамблее здравоохранения в мае. Определены три структурных элемента — приоритеты, стратегическое руководства и управление — которые остаются организующей основой данного процесса до настоящего времени.
• май 2011 года: 64-я сессия Всемирной ассамблеи здравоохранения (WHA64) Генеральный директор представила сводный доклад «Будущее финансирования ВОЗ», в котором были указаны элементы общего направления программы реформы. Государства-члены приняли резолюцию, одобряющую общее направление реформы.
• 1-3 ноября 2011 года: Специальная сессия Исполнительного комитета около 100 государств-членов приняла решения по каждому из трёх основных направлений деятельности: реформы в области приоритетов, стратегического руководства и управления.
• 16-23 январь 2012 года: 130-я сессия Исполнительного комитета возобновила консультации с государствами-членами по программе реформы.
• 26 февраля 2012 года: Информационное заседание с Секретариатом по программам и установлению приоритетов ВОЗ.
• 27-28 февраля 2012 года: Совещание государств-членов по программам и установлению приоритетов, на котором достигнут.
• май 2012 года: 65-я сессия Всемирной ассамблеи здравоохранения (WHA65) одобрила итоги совещания государств-членов по программам и установлению приоритетов в феврале. Одобрила целый ряд реформ в области стратегического руководства и управления программами, и Секретариату было предложено осуществлять дальнейшие действия, включая их реализацию.

Значительным нареканиям деятельность ВОЗ подверглась в связи с ситуацией вокруг свиного гриппа в 2009 году , который в Совете Европы охарактеризовали как «медицинскую аферу» ^[14] . Тогда ВОЗ настаивало на массовой иммунизации населения ^[15] . Только в России на закупку вакцины от несуществующей пандемии было потрачено 4 млрд рублей, в США невостребованными оказались 138 млн доз вакцины. В ЕС прибыль фармацевтов достигла 7 млрд евро. Организацию заподозрили в сговоре с фармацевтами Roche Holding ^{[16] [17]} . Лоббируемый ВОЗ препарат тамифлю оказался неэффективным и даже опасным ^[18]

Врачи без границ подвергли критике в 2015 году ВОЗ за игнорирование угрозы лихорадки Эбола ^[19] .

Минздрав России и Роспотребнадзор в 2018 году раскритиковали доклад ВОЗ об эпидемии СПИДа в России, сочтя содержащиеся в нем данные необоснованными и завышенными ^[20] .

• Официальный сайт ВОЗ на русском языке
• ВОЗ признала вклад религиозных организаций в решение проблемы ВИЧ/СПИДа в Африке (недоступная ссылка с 21-05-2013 [2342 дня] — история , копия )
• Двухгодичное соглашение о сотрудничестве (недоступная ссылка с 21-05-2013 [2342 дня] — история , копия ) между Министерством здравоохранения и социального развития РФ и Европейским региональным бюро ВОЗ на 2008/2009 гг.
• Twitter ВОЗ (англ.)