The humpbacks [1] , or the forids [2] ( lat. Phoridae ) are the family of dipterans from the suborder short-haired ( Brachycera ). There are about 3000 species, which unite approximately 240 genera [2] . About 45% of species of the family belong to the genus Megaselia [3] .
Humpbacks |
Pseudacteon sp. |
Scientific classification |
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No rank : | Bilateral symmetric |
Hoard : | Insects with full transformation |
Suborder : | Short-faced Diptera |
Infrastructure : | Round Flies |
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International Scientific Name |
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Phoridae Curtis , 1833 |
Subfamily |
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- Aenigmatiinae
- Metopininae
- Phorinae
- Sciadocerinae
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Content
SpreadMost of the humpback species diversity is concentrated in the tropics and subtropics. In Europe, there are about 600 species of 34 genera. In the Far East of Russia - 98 species from 29 genera [2] .
DescriptionAdult humpbacks are small insects 0.5–6 mm long, usually painted black or yellowish. The chest in most species is raised and has the shape of a hump . Wings lack transverse veins, anterior longitudinal veins strongly thickened [2] .
Head
The head is dichoptic in both females and males. The forehead in most genera with a medial groove, which starts from the front ocellus and ends at the edge of the forehead. Many genera may lack a pair of standard setae, and in some, in the genus Gymnophora , all frontal setae are missing. There are also additional setae, most often another pair of supra-antennal or intermedial. The proboscis of males and females varies in length and width of lacinia and labellum . Antennae have three main segments and one to three segmented arista; Arista in some cases may be missing. Palpi often with several setae [2] .
Chest
The chest consists of an elongated scutum and a scutellum under it and a shield. In wingless females, the scutallum is partially reduced or absent. The chest carries various brushes on the dorsal part and on the sides, as well as two or four setae on the shield. On the mesopleura there is an L-shaped groove in some species, which is divided by mesopleura [2] .
Ecology and habitatsThe way of life of humpbacks is very diverse [4] . The larvae of many species are specialized predators , some eat the eggs of sawflies , caddisflies , spiders , root aphids , larvae of fruit mosquitoes , gall-forming aphids . Many parasites or symbiotes of social insects , in particular termites and ants , as well as bees , wasps and centipedes . The larvae of some species of humpbacks feed on plants or live fungi. There is also a large number of species, the larvae of which eat rotting material, some of them develop only on mushrooms or dead mollusks. There are many polyphages among the humpbacks, for example, Megaselia scalaris and Dohrniphora cornuta , which can develop in living plant tissues, in growing detritus , animal carcasses, manure , milk , in the intestinal and urinary tracts of humans , in colonies of bees [2] . Some species are ant parasites that attack and lay eggs on chitinous cover. Adult flies often feed on plant sap [2] .
Economic Significance
Also humpbacks can cause economic damage. Brokebacks harm plantations of cultivated mushrooms. In the neotropic zone, they are noted as carriers of the plague of bees. Also, such humpbacks are known, which cause miasis in humans and livestock , as well as carriers of cholera - this is the Megaselia scalaris species [2] .
Among the humpbacks there are biological control agents that are common in the subtropics of the humpback- parasitoids play a useful role by reducing the population of leaf cutter ants of the genus Atta and Acromyrmex [2] .
DevelopmentThe larvae develop from two to four weeks. They are characterized by three free-living stages, which last from 6 to 14 days depending on the species [2] .
SystematicsIt includes 245 genera [5] and 6 subfamilies: Phorinae, Aenigmatiinae, Metopininae (including the tribes Beckerinini and Metopinini ), Alamirinae, Termitoxeniinae, Thaumatoxeninae . Discusses the status of subfamilies Termitoxeniinae ( Alamira - Horologiphora - Linklloydia - Perissa - Perittophora - Pronudiphora - Ridiculiphora - Selenophora - Septemineophora - Siluphora - Volvectiphora ) and Thaumatoxeninae ( Thaumatoxena -mar ). The largest genus Megaselia includes about 1500 species (400 of them in Europe) [10] .
35 European genera:
- Subfamily Aenigmatiinae
- Aenigmatias
- Diplonevra
- Dohrniphora
- Hypocerides
- Subfamily: Conicerinae
- Subfamily: Hypocerinae
- Billotia
- Borophaga
- Hypocera
- Stichillus
- Subfamily: Metopininae
- Apocephalus
- Beckerina
- Chonocephalus (over 138 species) [11]
- Gymnophora
- Lepta
- Megaselia
- Menozziola
- Metopina
- Microselia
- Phalacrotophora
- Plectanocnema
- Pseudacteon
- Puliciphora
- Razorfemora
- Triphleba
- Trucidophora
- Tubicera
- Woodiphora
- Subfamily: Phorinae
- Anevrina
- Chaetopleurophora
- Phora
- Spiniphora
- Incertae sedis
- Obscuriphora
- Poloniphora
- Veruanus
- Xenotriphleba
See also- Apocephalus pergandei
- Hyrocera incrassata
- Selenophora shimadai
Notes- ↑ Animal life. Volume 3. Arthropods: trilobites, helix, tracheal. Onykhofory / ed. M. S. Gilyarova , F. N. Pravdin, ch. ed. V.Ye. Sokolov . - 2nd ed. - M .: Education, 1984. - p. 406. - 463 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Determinant of insects of the Far East of Russia. / under ed. P. A. Lera . - Vladivostok: Dal'nauka, 2004. - T. 6. Diptera and fleas. Part 3. - p. 9-11. - 659 s. - 500 copies - ISBN 5-8044-0468-7 .
- ↑ 1 2 Disney, RHL (2006). Nine new species of Megaselia Rondani (Diptera: Phoridae) from the Seychelles. Zootaxa 1210 : 1–25. Abstract (English)
- ↑ (Ferrar, 1987)
- ↑ Pjotr Oosterbroek. The families of the Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Leiden-Boston, 1998. ISSN 1338-3895 (Eng.) (Tested on May 26, 2011)
- ↑ Brown, BV (1992) Generic revision of the Phoridae and the Phylogenetic classification of the Phoridae, Sciadoceridae and Ironomyiidae (Diptera: Phoridea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 164, 1-144.
- ↑ Disney, RHL (1993) Mosaic evolution and outgroup comparisons. Journal of Natural History, 27, 1219-1,221.
- ↑ Brown, BV (1995) Response to Disney. Journal of Natural History, 29, 259-264.
- ↑ Disney, RHL (1995) Reply to Brown. Journal of Natural History, 29, 1081-1082.
- ↑ Carlos GARCÍA-ROMERA & Jose ANTONIO BARRIENTOS. 2014. Nine new species of Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera) from Spain. - Zootaxa 3857 (2): 244–260 (28 Aug. 2014) abstract
- ↑ R. Henry L. Disney. (2016). Review of Oriental Chonocephalus Wandolleck (Diptera: Phoridae) . - Annales Zoologici (Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences), 66 (2): 277-328. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.2.008
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