Pensioner , from the XVIII to the beginning of the XX century in the Russian Empire - a graduate of the Imperial Academy of Arts , who received a cash allowance ( pension ) to further improve the skills, analogous to the modern grant . As a rule, the retired students of the Academy spent the funds to go abroad to Italy or other countries. The pensioners got the best of the best, mostly from among those who completed the course at the Academy with the Big Gold Medal . The practice of sending young people abroad for artistic education has spread in Russia from the 30s – 50s of the 18th century [1] .
The first pensioners from the Imperial Academy of Arts are architect V.I. Bazhenov and artist A.P. Losenko (1760), as well as I.Ye. Starov (1762), although the charter of the Academy with the rules on pensioners appeared only in 1764.
In the XVIII century, the pension paid three years. In the XIX century, the term was increased to six years. Historic painters, sculptors and architects usually spent the entire term abroad; genre artists, battleists and landscape painters usually spent three years abroad, and three more traveled around Russia.
Since 1893, after the reform of the Academy, painters and sculptors were retired for four years, and architects, engravers and landscape painters - two.
Pensioners of the Academy, among other privileges, were exempted from military service [2] .
By analogy with the Academy, the pensions later began to appoint the Imperial Society for the Promotion of Arts .
Notes
- ↑ pensioner, 2018 , p. five.
- ↑ The Provisional Statute of the Imperial Academy of Arts, approved by the highest on the 15th day of October 1893 . Note to paragraph 66.
Literature
- Mikhailova MB Russian pensioner architects in Italy (second half of the 18th – 19th centuries) // Russia and Italy. Issue 4: Meeting of cultures / Ed. ed. N.P. Komolov . - M .: Science , 2000. - ISBN 5-02-008713-0 - P.84-96.
- D. N. Kostyshin. From the history of pensioners in the Anninsky and Elizabethan era. - Moscow: Academia, 2018. - 479 p. - 150 copies - ISBN 978-5-87444415-0 .
Sources
- Russian Academy of Arts . Glossary (not available link)