Wine-making in Crimea is one of the leading branches of agriculture in Crimea. There are already more than two thousand years.
Content
History of Crimean winemaking
Ancient times
Winemaking in the Crimea began in the times of ancient Greek settlements in the Crimea. One of the first distilleries were built by the Greeks in ancient Chersonese .
Winemaking was continued in the Kingdom of Bosporus , in the principality of Theodoro and the Genoese colonies on the Crimean peninsula. The Ottoman period of dominion over the Crimea was unfavorable for winemakers because of the religious prohibitions in Islam on the use of wine, which was compensated by the cult of table grapes (this period is called “raisin”). Although Muslim winemakers were punished with sticks for the production of this drink, Muslims were not subject to exorbitant taxes, which did not allow winemakers to perish completely.
Ancient times
In the period of the Russian Empire, Prince Potemkin , drew attention to the development of winemaking in the Crimea, he took measures to plant vineyards on almost the entire foothill area. Eleven years after the annexation of the Crimea to the empire, the overall picture in the field of winemaking is changing significantly, as was described in detail by Pallas. In his book, he reported that one of the reasons for slowing down the further development of Crimean winemaking was not only technical conditions for growing vineyards, but negligent attitude to wine production, great demand for cheap wines, competition of foreign wines and cheap Transnistria, and all these conditions a heavy burden on the shoulders of the Crimean winemakers, one of the only ways out, according to Pallas, would be an increase in duties on the import of foreign wines.
In 1798, the report of the state expedition was presented, “on measures to spread winemaking in Russia,” it was clear from the report that the expedition, taking up a search for means of increasing viticulture in Astrakhan, recognized the creation of a state school of winemaking in Tavrida. These provisions were approved by Emperor Paul I of February 13, 1798, but were enforced much later.
The first regulatory document governing winemaking in the Russian Empire was the law signed by Paul I of March 4, 1797, but for a number of reasons it did not affect its further development. In the same period, the government attempts to settle the neglected settlements in the Novorossiysk Territory and invites foreigners for this. So in the instructions dated May 16, 1801 for the internal order and management of the Novorossiysk colonies it was pointed out the need to create public vineyards in them, and in addition to the instructions, it was ordered to give each settler from five to ten vines, and to punish those guilty in the destruction of vineyards, to use for them the public carving with rods.
In 1802, the Minister of Internal Affairs V.I. Kochubey provided the emperor with a report “on the establishment of a wine-making school in Tavrida and in the Caucasus ”. On the basis of a report on December 16, 1802, the emperor approved a decree on opening a Crimean wine-making school in Sudak Valley , which was formed in 1804.
In 1805, after the opening of the Sudak school, a private grape seedling Ruvie appeared in the Crimea. The government put forward a condition that Ruvier planted 20 acres of vineyards in his village Laspi. According to the same conditions, Ruvier undertook to bring the winemaking to perfection, to write out vines from abroad and distribute annually up to 20,000 vines at 25 kopecks per hundred, as well as to teach students in the winemaking industry allocated to him for six years. The state, for its part, granted him a loan in the amount of 12,000 rubles. on preferential terms for 12 years.
All undertaken initiatives did not bring the desired results. Duke Richelieu , Governor-General of the Novorossiysk Territory , attempted to create a universal seedling of vines on the southern coast of Crimea. In 1812, the imperial Nikitsky garden was formed. Without stopping at what Richelieu achieved, in 1811, the emperor issued an annual subsidy of 10,000 rubles. to expand and improve winemaking in the Crimea, subsequently, thanks to such actions, Alminsk, Belbek and Kaczyn winemakers were supported, who suffered losses from destruction due to flooding and in 1811 that saved them from utter ruin. By a decree issued by the governing Senate on July 18, 1810, the Novorossiysk Territory was granted the right to duty-free trade in local wines, wholesale and retail. This fact was supposed to contribute to the development and strengthening of the position of the Crimean winemaking. To some extent, fruitful measures for horticulture and winemaking were decrees about the free distribution of land, cash benefits and the granting of the right to pledge vineyards.
Approved by the emperor on May 26, 1826, the provisions on contracts for the Black Sea Department, granted the right to take vineyards as a pledge.
To encourage farming and the spread of rural industry in the Novorossiysk provinces, a special capital of rural industry was formed, which was kept by the clerks of the Public charity and consisted of money taken from the sale in 1813 of lands of former free pastures of the Tauride province. From the capital funds, on the basis of the rules approved by the Senate on August 16, 1815, loans to landowners and gardeners for the development of winemaking could be and were carried out in the amount of up to 5,000 rubles for each borrower, with payment of 5% per annum. According to the report submitted by the Tavrichesky civil governor, in 1831, out of the total amount of the company's capital in the amount of 1.105.329 rubles, 974.875 rubles were issued.
In accordance with the decree of Nicholas I dated September 14, 1828, as measures to promote gardening and viticulture in Novorossia, it was intended to issue an annual subsidy to Novorossiysk garden owners in the amount of 10,000 rubles. On the basis of clauses 4 and 5 of this decree, free distribution of land from state-owned and military settlements, to individuals and state-owned settlers for laying and breeding fruit and vineyards is allowed. These lands were granted to the full ownership of their owners and exempted from taxes for its use for ten years, provided that on the allocated lands (from accounting for one landowner), one fruit tree per 9 square meters will be planted. fathoms and one bush per 1 square. sazhen With the filing of Prince M. S. Vorontsov in the tract Magarach, is formed "... a special institution for experiments on the manufacture of wine and planting grapes." Everywhere both private and state wineries were established. So for the sale of Crimean wines with the approval of the emperor on October 26, 1825, a wine trading company was established, which took up its duties only 5 years later. The company was located in Sudak .
By 1837, extensive vineyards were located in the environs of Balaklava and Sevastopol , and subsequently two large wineries Zolotaya Balka and Inkerman were established. The number of vine plantations in the Crimea begins to grow rapidly.
In the 20-30 years. XIX century. wine fashion appears, and the government has taken a number of measures to restrict the import of wine to Russia in order to avoid saturation of the market with foreign wines. Although hostilities of the 18th century brought considerable devastation in the Crimea, the Crimean War of 1853-1856 brought a significant threat of the almost complete destruction of the vineyards, since the fighting took place mostly either in the vineyards or near them. Almost the entire period of the XIX century, there were attempts to consolidate at the legislative level the production, trade and circulation of wine and its derivatives, champagne and cognac . As a result, the entire industry was significantly streamlined.
Soviet times
The adoption of the “Law on grape wine” on April 24, 1914 contributed to increasing the security of the industry at the legislative level.
Significant damage to the Crimean and Soviet winemaking was the adoption of the resolution of May 25, 1985 "On the fight against drunkenness and alcoholism . " It was during this period that the destruction of many vineyards and the conversion of wineries to juice extract plants took place. But the greatest reduction in vineyard areas and a decrease in wine production in the Crimea occurred after the collapse of the USSR. At the present stage, several Crimean wine producers are world famous - these are associations and enterprises: “Massandra” , “Inkerman” , “Sun Valley” , “Zolotaya Dam”, “Koktebel”, “Magarach”, “Satera”, “New World”. [1] .
Our days
The present stage of development of viticulture and winemaking in the Crimea is associated with the reorientation of producers from the Ukrainian market to the Russian market, and is also characterized by a very complex process of adaptation to the conditions of the regulatory framework of Russia [2] . In general, using protection mechanisms [3] , the industry retains chances for development and access to foreign markets (primarily the APR ). In the conditions of the economic crisis, local manufacturers are actively using crowdfunding in order to attract cheap financing for the industry ( Bewinemaker ). One of the modern trends is also an appeal to the traditions of winemaking of the Russian Empire [4] .
An attempt to enter the international market in April 2017 ended with the arrest of the entire party of Crimean wines at an exhibition in Verona by the Italian police at the request of the Ukrainian side [5] .
The total area of vineyards in the Crimea is more than 18 thousand hectares, from 2014 on the peninsula laid 2.8 thousand hectares of vineyards. Over 4 years more than a billion rubles were allocated to state support of the region's viticulture [6] .
Largest wineries
- Winery "Massandra"
- Factory of vintage wines and cognacs "Koktebel"
- Inkerman Winery
- Grape and Wine Institute "Magarach"
- New World - the factory of sparkling wines "New World"
- Wine company "Satera"
- Sunny Valley
- LLC "WINE HOUSE FOTISAL"
- Winery "DIONIS"
- Association "Golden beam"
- Theodosia Wine Farm
- Bakhchisarai winery
Wines of Crimea
- Dining rooms :
- Dry:
- White: “Rkatsiteli”, “Aligote”, “Riesling”, “Sylvaner”, “Kokur”, “Chardonnay”, “Sauvignon”
- Reds: Cabernet, Pinot Fran, Saperavi, Merlot, Table Red Alushta
- Pink: "Hercules"
- Semi-sweet:
- Cabernet, Muscat Alkadar
- Dry:
- PGI :
- Dry:
- White: "Aligote", "Kokur", "Kokur Massandra", "Riesling", "Rkatsiteli", "Semillon", "Sauvignon", "Dry White", "Chardonnay"
- Reds: Aleatico, Bastardo, Cabernet Massandra, Krasnostop, Merlot, Sangiovese, Saperavi, Syrah
- Pink: Muscat
- Dry:
- Fortified :
- Strong:
- Ports : white and red - Massandra ( Yalta ), Inkerman ( port "Sevastopol" ), Sun Valley, Koktebel, Magaracha
- Sherry : "DIONIS" (Simferopol), "Magarach", "Massandra"
- Madeira : Koktebel, Massandra, Magarach
- Marsala : State Farm-Plant Malorechensky ("Massandra")
- Dessert:
- " Sun Valley (wine) "
- Old Nectar ("Inkerman", "Massandra")
- Sun in a glass ("Inkerman")
- Talisman ("Inkerman")
- Cornelian of Tauris ("Magarach")
- Black Doctor ("Massandra", "Sunny Valley")
- Liqueurs:
- Pinot-gri Ai-Danil (Massandra)
- Nectar of Massandra ("Massandra")
- Muscat, in particular, “ White Muscat of Red Stone ”, “ White Livadia Muscat ”, “ White Magarach Muscat ”
- Strong:
- Flavored wines - vermouths: “Bouquet of the Crimea”, “Monastic treat”
- Sparkling ("Champagne") wines : "Novosyvskie" ("Golitsinsky") and "Sevastopol"
- Cognacs : "Magarach"; "Koktebel", "Karadag" and others " Koktebel plant vintage wines and brandies " [7] and production LLC "Magliv".
Varietal composition
The varietal composition of grape plantations of the Crimea (according to 1991 data) is as follows (in percent) [8] :
- Rkatsiteli - 43.4%
- Aligote - 10.6%
- Sauvignon green - 5.3%
- Riesling - 5.2%
- Cabernet Sauvignon - 4%
- Pino group - 3.5%
- White Kokur - 2.9%
- Bastardo Magarach - 2.6%
- Muscat - 2.7%
- Merlot - 2.5%
- Feteasca - 1.9%
- complexly resistant - 1.7%
- Chardonnay - 1.3%
- Saperavi - 1%
- Traminer pink - 0.9%
- Sukholimansky white - 0.3%
- other - 10.2%
Wine regions
- Red Stone (area near Gurzuf )
- Alushta Valley
- Novosvetsky Amphitheater
- Sudak Valley
- Kozskaya (Sunny) Valley
- Otuz valley
- Koktebel valley
- Slopes of Pasha-Tepe (Theodosia)
- Sevastopol winemaking zone
- North slope of the Crimean mountains
- Flat Crimea
Notes
- Maslyak, Shishchenko “Materials for the course of geography of Ukraine”
- ↑ Crimean wine makers are asking for time to switch to Russian standards , investtalk.ru (October 18, 2014).
- ↑ Crimean wine-makers rejoice in sanctions and attach Russian outback to wine , Vinogradari.RF . Archived November 1, 2016.
- ↑ Crimean wine-makers prepared a surprise for the New Year for the Russians , NT.Ru.
- ↑ Crimean wines brought to the exhibition in Verona detained by Italian police
- ↑ http://business-crimea.com/2018/11/29/privivochnyj-kompleks-na-2-mln-sazhencev-vinograda-vstupil-v-stroj-v-krymu/
- ↑ Crimean wines. Specifications. Features of consumption
- ↑ Yezhov V.N., Buzni A.N., Ichina I.G. “Viticulture and Winemaking of the Crimea: Yesterday and Today” Archival copy of November 19, 2006 on the Wayback Machine
Literature
- Wolf A.E. Valleys of Meganom - the cradle of the Crimean viticulture. - Simferopol: IT ARIAL, 2013. - 256 p. ISBN 978-617-648-208-6