Cinema

The first cinema appeared in the late 1890s along with the birth of cinema . The first public paid displays were organized by:

• April 14, 1894 - the opening of the first cabin ( Eng. Kinetoscope Parlor ) with 10 Edison kinetoscopes installed on it on Broadway in New York ^[3] ;
• May 20, 1895 - Woodville Latham in a special room in New York ^[4] ;
• November 1, 1895 - the Skladanovsky brothers at the Wintergarten Theater ( German: Berlin Wintergarten Theater ) in Berlin ^[4] ;
• December 28, 1895 - the Lumiere brothers in Paris in the basement of the “Grand Cafe” on Kapucinok Boulevard ^{[5] [6]} .
• May 16 ( 28 ), 1896 - the first film show in St. Petersburg in the Hermitage Garden ^{[2] [7]} .

In modern cinemas, there are often several auditoriums, an air conditioning system is mandatory, and modern sound reproducing systems consist of many separate sound channels (for more details see Dolby Surround , Dolby Digital , THX ). When designing buildings for cinemas, one of the main tasks is to achieve the best acoustic characteristics of the cinema for high-quality sound. In cinemas, there is usually also a foyer for spectators, a wardrobe, a buffet, office space. Previously, the cinemas of the USSR were quite large and accommodated up to 2500-4000 spectators at a time. In the late 1980s , there were more than 5,000 movie theaters in the Soviet Union ^[8] . According to other sources, during the period of developed socialism in the USSR there were 4800 movie theaters and 150 thousand movie installations in urban-type villages and rural areas ^[9] .

Modern cinema halls are designed for a smaller number of spectators, usually 200-300 seats in one cinema hall. Often this is a consequence of the reconstruction of large Soviet cinemas, divided into several small halls, which are much easier to fill. As of 2008, there were 7111 cinemas in Russia , 5651 of which were in rural areas ^[10] . In 2010, 847 Russian cinemas, which at that time had 2324 cinema halls, were equipped with modern equipment.

A cinema installation using a film film consists of no less than two film projectors to ensure the continuity of the film demonstration. Each film projector is called a “ post ” and all available posts are centrally controlled by a special automated film screening system, which ensures the invisibility of transitions between separate parts of the film for the viewer. Modern multiplex multiplexes widely use rewindless platters , allowing you to show movies of any duration with one post without reloading. In combination with the centralized control of cinema halls and a high level of automation of cinema display, this allows serving the entire multiplex by one projectionist . The vast majority of cinemas are equipped with film projectors designed for film width 35 (99% of the world's commercial cinemas (which have not yet switched to digital) use 35 mm film , the remaining 70 mm or IMAX format or OMNIMAX).

In modern digital cinemas, a movie is shown with a digital movie projector from a hard drive . This technology of film screening has now almost completely replaced the traditional film, due to its flexibility and cost-effectiveness. So, world premieres can take place simultaneously in different parts of the globe, due to the fact that there is no need for physical delivery of film copies to every movie theater. Digital technologies that allow digital film data to be transmitted over a secure communication channel via the Internet or satellite relay were widely used in 2013 ^[11] .

A digital film copy, unlike a film, is not subject to mechanical wear and the number of sessions with constant quality from one copy is almost unlimited. In addition, the digital film screening allows you to instantly select any language of the phonogram and subtitle on the same copy of the film. Modern anti-piracy protection technologies reliably protect a digital movie from unauthorized copying. According to the Neva-film company, as of December 1, 2010, there were 713 cinema halls equipped with digital projection ^[12] in Russia, and as of November 1, 2013, there were 970 movie theaters with 2662 digital rooms ^[13] .

Specially equipped cinemas are adapted to demonstrate three-dimensional cinema. Most modern digital cinemas are designed and built with the intention of demonstrating stereo films. In a three-dimensional film screening, depending on the particular technology, one or two film projectors (film or digital) are used. At the same time, each eye of the viewer sees its own part of the stereo pair projected onto the screen. As a result, the image is perceived as three-dimensional. Of the current three-dimensional display technologies, Dolby 3D is most widely used in Russia, due to the low cost of passive glasses and the suitability of a conventional matte screen, which is much cheaper than the silver-plated ones required for some other polarized systems ^[14] .

A separate category of cinemas specially designed for demonstration of films in IMAX format. It differs from the usual screen sizes, many times superior to traditional ones. The audience is calculated in such a way that the audience is located close to the screen, which as a result covers the entire field of view. This enhances the effect of presence and ensures complete immersion in the scene.

A system of open-air cinemas designed for film screenings for spectators in cars. The technology first appeared in the USA . As a rule, it is a parking area with organized entrances and exits and an installed large screen. Sound is transmitted by a low-power radio station in the standard FM band for listening to the viewers on the car radio or with the help of speakers installed around parking spaces. Due to the peculiarities of the cinema screening in the open air, the work of such cinemas is seasonal in nature and all screenings begin after sunset .

A network of cinemas Cinépolis realized the idea of ​​placing children's playgrounds directly in the cinema. Among game entertainments - hills, gymnastic jungle, trampolines, bean bags and a carpet covering imitating an artificial lawn. This decision, aimed at attracting families to cinemas, brought the company success in Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Spain ^[15] .

• Mono screen - cinema with one screen;
• Miniplex - a complex with the number of screens from 2 to 8;
• Multiplex - cinema from 9 to 15 halls;
• Megaplex - from 16 halls; Russia's only megaplex operates in Moscow;
• Kinopleks - a cinema located in a shopping or shopping center;
• Cinema "first screen" - produce films on the day of the premiere across the country;
• Cinemas of the “second screen” - they distribute films two to three weeks after the premiere on the “first screen”.

• Movie Distributor
• List of cinemas in Moscow
• Home cinema
• Typical cinema project
• Movie rental
• Theatre

• Martin Loiperdinger. Film & Schokolade: Stollwercks Geschäfte mit lebenden Bildern: [ him. ] . - Basel: Stroemfeld / Roter Stern, 1999 .-- S. 97. - 344 S. - ISBN 3878777647 . - ISBN 978-3878777649 .
• Sim. R. Barbanel, Sol. R. Barbanel, I.K. Kachurin, N.M. Korolev, A.V. Solomonik, M.V. Tsivkin. Chapter II The main stages of the development of film technology // Film projection technology / S. M. Provornov. - 2nd ed .. - M .: "Art", 1966. - S. 22-26. - 636 p. Archived on November 13, 2014. Archived November 13, 2014 on Wayback Machine
• E.M. Goldovsky . Fundamentals of film technology / L.O. Eisymont. - M .: “Art”, 1965. - 636 p.
• Iophis, E. A. Photokinotechnics / I. Yu. Shebalin. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1981. - S. 135-136. - 447 p.
• Fedor Razzakov . The death of Soviet cinema. The secret of the behind-the-scenes war 1973-1991 - M.,: “Eksmo”, 2008. - 1170 p. - ISBN 978-5-699-26831-3 .
• Gnedovsky Yu., Savchenko M. Cinemas. (Design Basics). - M. , 1968.
• Kacherovich A.N. and Khomutov E.E. Acoustics and cinema architecture. - M. , 1961.
• Boris Sorokoumov. Modern Russian cinema // "Technique and technology of cinema": magazine. - 2010. - No. 6 . - S. 22-29 . Archived on October 16, 2012.