“ The Riveter Rosie” [2] ( Eng. Rosie The Riveter ) - a painting by American artist and illustrator Norman Rockwell , written in 1943. It was used as the cover of The Saturday Evening Post magazine and in the form of a famous military poster, which, together with the series “ Four Freedoms ”, became part of a traveling agitation exhibition calling for signing up for a military loan.
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| Norman Rockwell | ||
| Rosie Riveter . 1943 | ||
| English Rosie, the Riveter | ||
| Oil on canvas . 132 × 102 cm | ||
| Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Arkansas | ||
| ( inventory number 2007.178 [1] ) | ||
The painting contributed to the creation of a “cultural icon” of the United States , representing American women who worked in enterprises during World War II , many of whom produced ammunition and military equipment. These women sometimes entered completely new areas of work, taking the traditional places of men who went to the front. The image of Rosie the Rivet is often mistakenly associated with another woman depicted on the propaganda poster of those times, “ We Can Do It! ".
In the United States, a national campaign began during World War II, the purpose of which was to attract women into the ranks of the working people. In the conditions of an acute shortage of labor in wartime, women were needed by the defense industry , the civil service, and even the armed forces . The propaganda campaigns were aimed at encouraging women who had never worked before to join the ranks of the working people.
Posters and images glorified and represented in an idealized form the role of working women and argued that there was no need to sacrifice femininity . The women on these posters were portrayed as attractive, confident and determined to contribute to the victory in the war . Among the images of women workers during the Second World War, the image of women working in factories prevails. Rosie the Riveter, a strong, self-confident woman in overalls and a motley head scarf, was presented as a symbol of patriotism and femininity. The attributes of work in the military industry — work clothes, tools and lunch boxes — were an integral part of the new image of femininity.
Content
The history of the painting
Often mistakenly believe that the image of the riveter Rosie created by Norman Rockwell. It's not like that: Rockwell made this image famous for his painting, but several other Rosies appeared in American art from World War II even before May 1943, when the picture was painted. For example, in the famous song of John Jacob Loeb to verses of Redd Evans (1942) there are such words:
| All day, in the rain or sun She stands on the conveyor. She makes history, she works to win Riveter [Airgun Sound [3] ] Rosie [4] . Original Text (Eng.) All day long, whether rain or shine She's part of the assembly line She's making history, working for victory Rosie, brrrrrrrr, the riveter. |
The cover of the envelope for the record of this song is one of the first graphic embodiments of the image.
Among those women who occupied the jobs of men who had gone into the army during the war, many were employed in the aviation industry to assemble airframes. One of the divisions of the Military Information Office was committed to persuading newspaper and magazine editors to help attract women to work in the defense industries. Therefore, the editors of The Saturday Evening Post commissioned Rockwell to create a cover dedicated to Rosie for the national American holiday, Memorial Day , May 29, 1943 [5] .
Picture Description
The original is made on canvas using oil painting technique. The vertical size is 132 centimeters, horizontal 102 centimeters [1] .
The composition of the picture literally copies the figure of the Prophet Isaiah from Michelangelo's frescoes from the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel . Although the prophet does not have a box of sandwiches and icons of the Red Cross , he sits in the same position as the comically-muscular red-haired girl sitting on the background of the American flag falling in waves, with sandwiches in her hand. An air pistol for riveting and a lunch box with her name “Rosie” are on her lap, which allows you to recognize the heroine of the song Rousey, known by that time, without any signature on the picture. Her foot tramples a copy of the book of Hitler Mein Kampf [6] , which symbolizes her direct contribution to the victory over the enemy. The lightweight wire construction above her head gives the impression of a nimbus and thereby erects American girls who replaced men in their workplaces to the rank of saints [7] .
Badges
The icon of the Red Cross means that Rosie is a blood donor. The second from the left is a sign of the “Blue Star”, which speaks about her contribution to the campaign to support the military. White sign " V stands for Victory " indicates her participation in a military loan. The personal badge-badge in combination with two bronze medals for success in the civil service and the Presidential E-mark for distinction ( Excellence ) in the work characterize Rosie’s personal contribution to the production of military products [8] .
Mary Louise Doyle
The nude Irish woman Mary Louise Doyle, who works as a telephonist, became the model (or rather, the “face”) of the picture. She was 19 years old and lived with her mother, who from her home operated a local telephone network in Arlington (Vermont). Norman Rockwell drew attention to the girl when he came to pay the phone bill [6] . After that, he called her and asked if she could pose for his picture [3] .
At the first session, Mary Doyle was wearing a white blouse and shoes [3] . Photo associate Rockwell Jean Pelham took photographs, but the artist found the choice of clothes wrong. The second time she wore a more persuasive workwear denim shirt with short sleeves and worn moccasins [6] .
Mary Doyle was stunned and offended when she saw herself on the cover of a magazine. She hoped to see an attractive young woman, and not "a hippopotamus, emerging from the black depths of the artist's imagination." She had graceful arms, not mountains of muscle, as if borrowed from Jack Dempsey . In a word, her head was painted on another's body. Rockwell called Mary Doyle specifically to apologize for making her look so unattractive in the picture. “She would have to sue me,” said Norman Rockwell [9] .
Mary Doyle (in marriage Kif) died at the age of 92 years in April 2015 [10] . In a message about her death, The Saturday Evening Post magazine gives an interview with her, published in a July 1, 2013 issue in which she writes that she really posed with a ham sandwich in her hand and really looked out of her white handkerchief from her pocket. But she had never seen the book Mein Kampf in her life, and the air pistol she held on her lap was a sham [3] .
Picture as rated by viewers
The picture after publication on the cover became extremely popular and, as before, the Four Liberties cycle (Norman Rockwell) was also used as a poster urging citizens to sign up for military loans. For this purpose, the US Treasury Department borrowed a painting from The Saturday Evening Post until the end of the war [11] . The picture was a great success, Rosie's muscular body became a national treasure. “I was proud that my image helped raise so much money for the war,” Mary Doyle recalled. [3] American playwright David Mamet wrote: “For me, the American icon is Rosie the Riveter.” The Rivet Rivet defeated Hitler [12] .
Postwar fate picture
See also
- Propaganda literature
- Metrostroevka with drill
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 The painting "Rosie the Riveter" in the collection of the Museum of American Art in Bentonville (Arkansas).
- ↑ Rybakin A.I. Rosie // Dictionary of English surnames: approx. 22,700 names / reviewer: Dr. Filol. Sciences A.V. Superanskaya . - 2nd ed., Sr. - M .: Astrel: AST, 2000. - P. 171. - ISBN 5-271-00590-9 (Astrel). - ISBN 5-17-000090-1 (AST).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Knight, 2013 .
- ↑ Solomon, 2013 , p. 240
- ↑ Solomon, 2013 , p. 240–241.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Solomon, 2013 , p. 241.
- ↑ Marling, 2005 , p. 40
- ↑ Fischer, 2005 .
- ↑ Solomon, 2013 , p. 241–243.
- ↑ Obituary of Mary Doyle Kif (April 21, 2015).
- ↑ Norman Rockwell Museum. Rosie, the Riveter .
- ↑ Solomon, 2013 , p. 243.
Literature
- Fischer, David Hackett. Liberty and Freedom . - Oxford University Press, 2005. - Vol. 3. - p. 537–538. - (America, a cultural history). - ISBN 0-19-516253-6 .
- Knight, Marcy Kennedy. Rosie, the Riveter (Eng.) // The Saturday Evening Post: Journal. - 2013. - 1 July.
- Marling, Karal Ann. Norman Rockwell 1894-1978 America's Most Beloved Painter. - Koln: Taschen, 2005. - 100 p. - ISBN 978-3-8228-2304.
- Solomon, Deborah. American Mirror: The Life and Art of Norman Rockwell. - Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013. - 512 p. - ISBN 9-780-3747-1104-7.