Hurricane Fred is the seventh tropical cyclone in the Atlantic hurricane season of 2009 and the second hurricane of the 2009 season.
| Hurricane fred | |
|---|---|
| Category 3 Hurricane ( SSHS ) | |
 Hurricane Fred at the peak of intensity, September 9, 2009 | |
| Formed | September 7, 2009 |
| Broke up | September 12, 2009 |
| Maximum wind | 120 mph (195 km / h) (1 minute constantly) |
| Lower pressure | 958 mbar ( hPa ) 718.56 mmHg Art. |
| Dead | 10 (from the consequences) |
| Damage | minimum |
| Distribution area | |
| Cape Verde Islands | |
In the 2009 season, Hurricane Fred became one of the closest cyclones to the African continent . Formed on September 7 near the Cape Verde Islands from a strong tropical wave of warm air, the cyclone experienced a moderate series of wind shears and the next day formed a well-organized center of the storm and a distinct spiral of rotation of air masses. On September 8, the cyclone continued to rapidly gain strength, reaching the status of a third category hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane classification scale on the night of September 8–9 and having peak parameters of constant wind speed of 195 km / h and atmospheric pressure at the center of the element at 718 millimeters of mercury . Soon after the peak of intensity was reached, the force of the hurricane began to decline as a series of wind shifts developed and the hurricane entered the zone of dry air, which prevented the further development of its convective system [1] .
During September 10, Fred was in the status of a hurricane of the second category and by the very end of the day moved into the first category, while the constant wind speed dropped to 150 km / h. Further weakening of the hurricane continued during the next day on September 11, as a result of which the convective system of the hurricane was almost completely disorganized. On the night of September 12, Fred moved into the tropical storm category on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane classification scale, losing almost the entire convective system around his former center of rotation. On the same day, the National Hurricane Forecasting Center of the United States in a regular weather report noted the dissolution of a tropical storm in the usual low-pressure area. Before the storm weakened into a tropical depression, Fred walked in moderate rains along the southern islands of Cape Verde , without causing much damage, floods or landslides. The remains of the cyclone persisted over the next week, moving west-north-west across the entire Atlantic Ocean , and finally dispersed on September 19 as they approached the Caribbean .
Meteorological History
On September 6, 2009, a tropical wave of warm air began to move westward from the African coast of Africa . Weather conditions and synoptic environmental parameters were quite favorable for the formation of a tropical cyclone [2] , which happened the next day south of the Cape Verde Islands . Since the cyclone was at the very beginning of its development, there were no strong rains and gusty winds on the islands during this period [3] . By this time, meteorologists at the US National Hurricane Forecasting Center (NHC) had released the first weather report on this cyclone containing a forecast for further cyclone intensification to tropical depression status over the next 24 hours [4] . When passing near the Cape Verde Islands, the wide front of the low-pressure region following the tropical wave of warm air intensified to the level of the tropical depression according to the Saffir-Simpson hurricane classification scale , which became the seventh in the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season . By this time, the cyclone was located about 260 kilometers south of the southernmost island of Cape Verde [5] .
In the NHC weather report, weather forecasters noted some problems in determining the center of rotation of the tropical depression, and also noted the movement of the center of circulation of air masses from a low to a middle position in atmospheric formation. On the same day, depression changed the vector of its movement to the northwest, bypassing the southern border of the Azores anticyclone [6] . A few hours after the first weather report, the US National Hurricane Forecasting Center raised the status of tropical depression to the level of a tropical curtain, assigning it the following name Fred in the list of names assigned for storms of the Atlantic hurricane season 2009 [7] [8] . The convective system of the storm continued to intensify around the periphery of atmospheric formation, while a region of strong thunderstorm activity arose almost above the center of the storm [9] , the rotation center itself became pronounced with clearly defined areas of strong outflow of air mass beyond the border of the storm itself [10] .
In the afternoon of September 8, the so-called eye of the storm began to form in the center of the storm’s circulation [11] , after which the tropical storm intensified to the first category hurricane with a constant wind speed of 120 km / h [12] . By the morning of the next day, satellite images showed that Hurricane Fred underwent some changes in its convective system overnight and intensified before the second category hurricane [13] , the reasons for such a rapid intensification of the hurricane were the formation of a 19-kilometer storm eye [14] , low wind shear high temperature of the sea surface [13] . The intensification of the hurricane lasted several hours, ending with the achievement of atmospheric elements of the third category on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane classification scale at a constant wind speed of 195 km / h [15] and atmospheric pressure of 958 millibars (718.56 millimeters of mercury ). According to these parameters, Hurricane Fred became the second strongest tropical cyclone in the entire season of Atlantic hurricanes in 2009 [16] .
A few hours after reaching the peak intensity, Hurricane Fred began to weaken as his eye of the storm began to fill with high clouds [17] . By this time, the hurricane for the second time changed its direction to the north-west, bypassing the area of constant anticyclone in the Atlantic Ocean. A decrease in the intensity of the hurricane was also facilitated by increased wind shears, coupled with dry air, which made a significant contribution to the disorganization of the convective system in the southern part of atmospheric formation [18] . The hurricane spiral gradually began to stretch towards the northeast in response to the occurring wind shears in its southwestern part [19] and by the morning of September 10 the main center of air mass circulation diverged from the main center of low pressure of the elements [20] . On September 11, the US National Hurricane Forecasting Center once again lowered the status of the cyclone to the level of a tropical storm [21] , and on September 12, constant wind shears and a dry air front finally prevailed over the cyclone structure, destroying its convective system and the area of spiral rotation [22] . During the day of September 12, a tropical storm degenerated into a tropical depression and then into a normal low-pressure region in accordance with meteorological data of the US National Hurricane Forecasting Center [23] .
Despite the extremely unfavorable conditions for the formation and further development of convective systems of air masses, on September 13, NHC experts announced a possible reorganization of the structure of the tropical cyclone with the possibility of its regeneration up to the first category hurricane [24] . On September 15, the NHC issued a report indicating the disappearance of adverse factors and a high degree of probability of reconstructing the low-pressure region into a cyclone rotation spiral [25] . On September 16, the rotation of the disorganized air masses of the former hurricane became less pronounced, only small convective currents remained, slowly moving westward [26] . By the morning of September 17, the remains of the cyclone were almost completely dispersed over the Atlantic [27] [28] , however, a few hours later a new low-pressure area appeared at a distance of about 845 kilometers south of Bermuda [29] . The convective flows associated with the former Hurricane Fred finally dissipated on September 19, 2009 at a distance of 835 kilometers southwest of Bermuda [1] .
Consequences and historical retrospective
Over the past 158 years of careful study of Atlantic hurricanes, Hurricane Fred was only the third hurricane after Nameless Hurricane in 1926 and Hurricane Francis in 1980, reaching the level of a third category hurricane east of the 35th longitude meridian [15] . Hurricane Francis peaked in intensity south and east than the other two hurricanes [30] , but Fred became the strongest of them in terms of constant wind speed, which reached 195 km / h in elements, and atmospheric pressure of 718 millimeters of mercury [15] [31] . Specialists at the US National Hurricane Forecasting Center also noted that due to the completely unusual location of the hurricane at its peak intensity, similar hurricanes in the Atlantic may have gone unnoticed until 1960, since until that time it was not possible to receive meteorological images from Earth’s orbit [15] .
A few hours after registering the cyclone in the category of tropical depression, Fred hooked the southern islands of Cape Verde [4] along the way. At the same time, constant wind speed reached 35 km / h, and only 2.5 mm of precipitation fell [32] [33] .
See also
- 2009 Atlantic Hurricane Season Timeline
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Michael J. Brennan. Hurricane Fred Tropical Cyclone Report ( PDF ). National Hurricane Center (October 23, 2009). Date of treatment November 2, 2009. Archived on April 13, 2012.
- ↑ Richard Pasch. Tropical Weather Outlook . National Hurricane Center (September 6, 2009). Date of appeal September 9, 2009. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Daniel Brown. Tropical Weather Outlook . National Hurricane Center (September 7, 2009). Date of appeal September 9, 2009. (unavailable link)
- ↑ 1 2 Richard Pasch. Tropical Weather Outlook . National Hurricane Center (September 7, 2009). Date of appeal September 9, 2009. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Daniel Brown. Tropical Depression Seven Public Advisory One . National Hurricane Center (September 7, 2009). Date of treatment September 9, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Daniel Brown. Tropical Depression Seven Discussion One . National Hurricane Center (September 7, 2009). Date of treatment September 9, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Michael Brennan. Tropical Storm Fred Public Advisory Two . National Hurricane Center (September 7, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Oficina Nacional de Meteorología, Centro de Información Huracanes. Reports of hurricanes, tropical storms, tropical disturbances and related flooding during 2003 ( PDF ) (link not available) (2004). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived October 19, 2005.
- ↑ Michael Brennan. Tropical Storm Fred Discussion Two . National Hurricane Center (September 7, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Richard Pasch. Tropical Storm Fred Discussion Three . National Hurricane Center (September 8, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Eric Blake. Tropical Storm Fred Discussion Five . National Hurricane Center (September 8, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Robbie Berg. Hurricane Fred Public Advisory Six . National Hurricane Center (September 8, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Richard Pasch. Hurricane Fred Discussion Seven . National Hurricane Center (September 9, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Richard Pasch. Hurricane Fred Forecast Advisory Seven . National Hurricane Center (September 9, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Eric Blake. Hurricane Fred Discussion Eight . National Hurricane Center (September 9, 2009). Date of treatment September 9, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Eric Blake. Hurricane Fred Public Advisory Eight . National Hurricane Center (September 9, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Eric Blake. Hurricane Fred Discussion Nine . National Hurricane Center (September 9, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Robbie Berg. Hurricane Fred Discussion Ten . National Hurricane Center (September 9, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Lixion A. Avila. Hurricane Fred Discussion Thirteen . National Hurricane Center (September 10, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Robbie Berg. Hurricane Fred Discussion Fourteen . National Hurricane Center (September 10, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Lixion A. Avila. Tropical Storm Fred Discussion Seventeen . National Hurricane Center (September 11, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Eric Blake. Tropical Storm Fred Discussion Nineteen . National Hurricane Center (September 12, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Todd Kimberlain. Tropical Depression Fred Discussion Twenty-One (Final) . National Hurricane Center (September 12, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Tropical Weather Outlook (update) . National Hurricane Center (September 13, 2009). Date of appeal September 13, 2009.
- ↑ Daniel Brown. Tropical Weather Outlook . National Hurricane Center (September 15, 2009). Date of appeal September 17, 2009. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Eric Blake. Tropical Weather Outlook . National Hurricane Center (September 16, 2009). Date of appeal September 17, 2009. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Lixion A. Avila. Tropical Weather Outlook . National Hurricane Center (September 17, 2009). Date of appeal September 17, 2009. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Daniel Brown. Tropical Weather Outlook . National Hurricane Center (September 17, 2009). Date of appeal September 17, 2009. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Jack Beven. Tropical Weather Outlook . National Hurricane Center (September 17, 2009). Date of appeal September 17, 2009. (unavailable link)
- ↑ Hurricane Specialists Unit. Easy to Read HURDAT 1851-2008 . National Hurricane Center (2009). Date of treatment September 9, 2009. Archived on May 8, 2009.
- ↑ National Hurricane Center. Preliminary Best Track for Hurricane 07L (Fred) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2009). Date of treatment September 9, 2009.
- ↑ Local Resident of Praia, Cape Verde. Weather History for Praia, Cape Verde on September 7 . Weather Underground (September 7, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived April 14, 2012.
- ↑ Staff Writer. TACV e Halcyonair cancelam voos devido ao mau tempo (link unavailable) . A Semana (September 8, 2009). Date of treatment September 12, 2009. Archived March 3, 2016.
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