Newfoundland is a popular breed of dog originally used as a working dog in Canada . These are large dogs with a long thick black, brown or black and white coat and thick undercoat, white spots on the chest and paws are allowed. There are membranes between the fingers of the Newfoundland.
Newfoundland | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Origin | |||||
A place | Canada | ||||
Growth |
| ||||
Weight |
| ||||
ICF classification | |||||
Group | 2. Pinchers and Schnauzers, Molossians, Mountain and Swiss Cattle Dogs | ||||
Section | 2. Molossy | ||||
Subsection | 2.2. Mountain dogs | ||||
room | 50 | ||||
Year | 1954 | ||||
Other Classifications | |||||
COP Group | Working | ||||
AKS group | Working | ||||
Newfoundland in Russia is sometimes called a diver [1] .
Breed Origin
The island of Newfoundland is considered the birthplace of the dog.
Among specialists there is still no consensus on the origin of the breed. The Canadian Dog Guide puts forward three main versions of descent [2] :
- the crossing of the now extinct black wolf with the Asian mastiffs ;
- Crossing Viking dogs with local dogs / wolves;
- mating of mastiffs, shepherd dogs and water dogs introduced by Europeans in the 15th-17th centuries.
The American Kennel Club , as one of the versions, builds Newfoundlands to large Pyrenean dogs , allegedly brought to Newfoundland by Basque fishermen [3] .
I. I. Akimushkin cites several versions [4] :
- Newfoundlands are not a mixture of Bernbury Vikings with local canids, but simply their wild variety;
- the ancestors of these dogs are local huskies;
- or molossy , introduced by the British.
Breed Standard
FCI Standard No. 50 [5] [6] :
Origin : No reliable information.
Patronage : FCI.
Use : Sled dog for transportation of heavy loads. Water dog.
Classification FCI : Group 2 (Pinchers, Schnauzers, Molossians and Swiss Mountain Dogs. Section 2.2 of the Molossians, mountain dogs). Without working quality check.
Appearance : Newfoundland - a massive dog with a powerful, muscular body, with well-coordinated movements.
Important proportions : The length of the body from the shoulder to the sciatic hill is greater than the height at the withers. Compact body. The body of the bitch may be a bit more stretched and less massive than that of a dog. The distance from the withers to the lower point of the chest is slightly larger than the distance from the lower point of the chest to the ground.
Behavior and temperament : Kindness and gentleness of character are reflected in the appearance of the Newfoundland. Majestic, cheerful and inventive, he is known for his gentleness and tranquility.
Head : Massive. The head of the bitch repeats the basic proportions of the head of the dog, but less massive.
Skull: The skull is wide, with a slightly convex arch and a strongly developed occipital tubercle. Stop - Noticeable, but by no means sharp.
Face : Nose: large, well pigmented; nostrils well developed. Color: black in black and white and black dogs, brown in brown dogs. Muzzle: pronounced square, deep and relatively short, covered with short, soft hair; skin on the face does not form folds; the corners of the mouth are pronounced clearly, but not excessively. Cheeks: soft. Bite: scissor or straight. Eyes: relatively small, deep-set, widely spaced, the eyelids should not droop, revealing a red conjunctiva. Eyes color: dark brown in black and black and white dogs; in brown ones, a lighter shade. Ears: Relatively small, triangular, with rounded ends. Well set on the sides at the back of the skull and tight to the cheekbones. If an ear of an adult dog is pulled forward, its end reaches to the inner corner of the eye, located on the same side of the head.
Neck : Strong, muscular, well set on the shoulders, long enough to ensure a noble fit of the head. On the neck should not be overly pronounced suspension.
Hull : The backbone is massive everywhere. Seen from the side, the case is deep and strong.
Topline : Straight and sturdy from the withers to the croup.
Back : Wide.
Loin : Strong and very muscular.
Croup : Wide, inclined at an angle of about 30 °.
Chest : Broad, voluminous and deep with well-arched ribs.
The lower line of the chest and abdomen : Almost straight and never tucked up.
Forelegs : The forelegs are straight and parallel also when the dog is walking or slow trotting. Shoulders: with very well developed muscles, directed backwards, make an angle of 45 ° with a horizontal line. Elbows: tight to the chest. Pasterns: slightly sloping. Front feet: large, commensurate with the body, rounded and gathered in a ball, with strong and compact fingers. There are well developed membranes between the fingers. The claws are black in black and white-black dogs, the horn color in brown. If the fingers are white, the claws may not be black.
Hindquarters and Hindquarters : Because the driving force for carrying cargo, swimming and sweeping movements depends mainly on the hindlimbs, their structure is very important. The pelvis should be strong, wide and long. Thighs: broad and muscular. Knee angles: well defined, but not so much as to give the impression of half-bent limbs. Lower thigh: Strong and rather long. Hocks: low and wide set, relatively short, parallel; turned neither in nor out. Hind feet: strong, well closed. The color of the claws is the same as on the front paws. Dewclaws, if any, should be removed.
Tail : The tail acts as a rudder when the Newfoundland floats, so it must be strong and wide at the base. When the dog is standing, the tail is down and slightly bent on the end; it reaches approximately to the hock or descends slightly below it. If the dog is moving or excited, the tail is held high, slightly bent up, but never thrown over its back and not tucked between its legs.
Gait / Movement : Newfoundland moves with good forefoot reach and good hind limb movement , giving the impression of tirelessness and strength. Slight wiggling of the back is normal. When speed increases, the dog tends to place its paws closer to the middle line, while the back line remains even.
Wool : Newfoundland has a water repellent double wool. Margin hair is relatively long and straight, without curls. Light waviness is permissible. The undercoat is soft and thick, in winter thicker than in summer, but always presented to a certain extent on the croup and on the chest. On the head, face and ears, the coat is short and soft. On the front and rear limbs there are turns. The tail is covered with long thick hair, but not in the form of a flag.
Color : Black, white-black and brown. Black: the traditional color is black. The color should be as saturated as possible, but when it is burned out in the sun, a light brown tint is allowed. White markings on the chest, fingers and / or the tip of the tail are allowed. White-black: this species is of historical importance for the breed. Preferably the following location of the spots: a black head with a white groove, going down on the muzzle, a black saddle with evenly spaced spots and a black spot on the rump, exciting the base of the tail. The remaining parts should be white, the specks can be represented minimally. Brown: uniform color from chocolate to bronze. White markings on the chest, fingers and / or the tip of the tail are allowed. White-black and brown dogs are exhibited in the same class with black.
Height and weight : The average height at the withers is 71 cm (28 inches) in adult males, 66 cm (26 inches) in adult bitches. Average weight - 68 kg for males; bitches 54 kg Larger sizes are desirable, but harmony, good health, strong build and correct movements are not preferable.
Disadvantages : Any deviations from the above points should be regarded as shortcomings, the seriousness of which is directly dependent on the degree of deviation. General appearance: vysokonogost, lack of substance. Skeleton: the impression of friability, light bone. Character: aggressiveness, cowardice. Head: narrow. Muzzle: pointed or long. Lips: underlined. Eyes: round, protruding, yellow eyes, clearly visible conjunctiva. Back: Humped back, soft or sagging back. Forelegs: Weak Pasterns; loose paws; paws turned outwards or inwards; lack of membranes. Hind limbs: straightened knee corners, cowhide set, barrel-shaped set, paws turned inside. Tail: too short, too long, kinked tail, curled end of tail. Gait / movement: a mincing, shuffling gait, crab-like movements sideways, too narrow set of limbs in motion, unsteady gait, crossing in the movement of the front limbs, distinct turning of the front limbs outward or inward, short step, amble. Wool: fully open wool.
Disqualifying faults : Bad temper. Overshot or overshot, skewed jaws. Smooth-haired Markings of any color other than white on a black or brown dog. Any color other than black, white-black or brown. Note. Males should have two normally developed testicles fully descended into the scrotum.
Character
The character of the Newfoundland, on the basis of its qualities, apparently, has no analogues among other dog breeds. This is due to the specific conditions of its formation.
- The purebred Newfoundland has practically no hunting instincts.
- The fishermen who are the “authors” of this breed had no one to hunt on a small, rocky island. Much more important for them were his qualities of a companion and assistant. Therefore, for the Newfoundland is characterized by a protective attitude to the various "living creatures" (of course, there are exceptions). [7]
- Newfoundland is not just a “smart” dog (this definition is rather vague), it tends to make independent decisions in various situations.
- The inhabitants of the island needed a dog that would help them pull nets out of the water, independently transport cargo over a long distance, look after children, calmly behave in a boat during a storm, help them find the shore in the fog, etc. Gradually, by artificial selection, was formed dog intellectual, able to decide exactly what action to take in response to an event. This circumstance led to the fact that the Newfoundland is not the most suitable dog for those who need absolute obedience. The senseless (from his point of view) Newfoundland team will simply ignore or execute in its own way. On the other hand, in an emergency, the Newfoundland acts lightning-fast, without any command, and often takes the only right decision [7] .
- Newfoundland is devoid of aggression towards people.
- This quality is also a product of selection. A dog working side by side with people in very difficult and dangerous conditions should be exactly like that. Moreover, a dog that can, upon command (or without any command, see above), throw itself into the water in order to save a sinking person. Therefore you should not start a Newfoundland "for protection". For this, he loves people too much. However, this does not mean that in a dangerous situation the Newfoundland will not be able to stand up for itself or its owner. But it is useless to pin him down - he will make the decision himself. Attacking Newfoundland is a very impressive sight. The main defensive trick that these dogs should not be taught is to stand between the owner and the offender, in extreme cases, to knock the offender down. It is easy, with an adult male weight of 70-80 kg. The Newfoundland is not capable of seriously biting a human under any circumstances [7] .
It should be noted that all the above qualities are the “averaged” portrait of Newfoundland. Much in the nature of a particular dog depends on heredity and education. But aggression towards people (and other dogs) is considered a disadvantage, which, depending on the severity, can be disqualifying [5] [6] . This dog is culled and does not participate in further breeding.
It should be noted that the Newfoundlands have little fear. Neither cars, nor trains, nor planes, nor even fire make any negative impression on them. For many animals, traveling in public transport is a huge stress. For Newfoundland, transportation means an exciting journey, no matter where. The main thing is that you can see something new, meet someone. Therefore, the Newfoundlands have to inspire that a racing car or a burning fire can carry great danger.
Newfoundlands are social social animals. They constantly need to communicate (both visual, sound, tactile, and emotional contact) with people, with "family", with other dogs. Newfoundland is always, even at a rather old age or in a state of illness, not against playing, having fun and jumping. Newfoundlands are easily trained as usual tricks with "give a paw", and much more complex actions - for example, the use of electrical appliances.
Newfoundland is nice to be helpful. He will be happy to carry a non-heavy bag in his mouth, carry around his neck as much as heavy sleds with any load, look after children (all, including "strangers"), especially on the water - in no case will not let the child deeper than he reaches paws to the bottom. Especially noteworthy is the attitude towards children: Newfoundlands are extremely patient creatures. Where there is not enough willpower either for a man or a shepherd, the Newfoundland will stoically tolerate all the bullying of children, and even control their actions.
Newfoundlands are very curious. This is expressed not only in the passion for travel and new acquaintances, but also to everyday life. Newfoundlands are closely watching any (housework, repairs, games, etc.) actions of people. Special curiosity in Newfoundlands cause objects or phenomena that cause human interest. Such an object, of course, you need to carefully consider, sniff and touch his paw.
With some sixth sense, Newfoundland knows where and what hurts a person. And not necessarily open wounds. A sore spot tries to thoroughly lick and warm with its body, which relieves pain and speeds up healing. This is especially useful for people with diseases of the joints of the arms and legs. Newfoundland wool knitted things are very warm.
Newfoundlands often have dreams. During dreams, he can whine, scratch his paws or, conversely, quietly rejoice in something and wave his tail.
In the USSR, on the basis of the breed, by crossing with the Caucasian and Central Asian shepherd dogs, a Moscow diver tried to breed the dogs, which would combine strength, intelligence, endurance and love for the Newfoundland water and the evil nature of the shepherd dog, but these attempts were later deemed unpromising [7] .
Newfoundland in literature and art
Newfoundland on postage stamps
The first brand with the image of a dog was the issues of the colony of Newfoundland, pink ( 1887 ) black ( 1894 ), and orange stamps ( 1896 ) with a nominal ½ cent [8] . Also, brands with the image of Newfoundland were produced by such countries and territories as Canada , Monaco , Angola, Paraguay, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Somaliland.
Newfoundland on coins
In 2006, the New Zealand Mint produced a series of coins featuring dogs. Among them is a silver coin with the image of the Newfoundland. The weight of the coin is 31.1 grams, the image is applied with colored glaze. The 3000-riel coin was intended for the Kingdom of Cambodia . Circulation - 5000 copies [9] .
Different colors of Newfoundlands
In honor of the painter Sir Edwin Landsir was named the black and white variety of Newfoundland, which he often depicted in his paintings. Later she was singled out in a separate breed Landseer .
In addition to black, brown (chocolate or bronze), white and black, in the standard of the American Kenel Club, gray Newfoundland dogs are allowed (AKC, 06.28.1990), which is not recognized by RKF . Today in Russia there are more than 30 gray Newfoundlands, according to the rules of RKF, they can not participate in exhibitions and be used in breeding. They also receive a pedigree with a “color that is not recognized by the FCI” [10] .
See also
Moscow diver
Notes
- ↑ Водолаз, или ньюфаундлендская собака // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Canada's Guide to Dogs
- ↑ American Kennel Club
- ↑ Акимушкин И. И. Мир Животных. - 3rd ed., Corr. and add. — М. : Мысль, 1993. — С. 462. — ISBN 5-244-00444-1 .
- ↑ 1 2 Стандарт FCI № 50 от 6.11.1996 Архивировано 31 декабря 2005 года. (eng.)
- ↑ 1 2 Стандарт FCI № 50 от 24.07.1996
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Потехина, Н. Ю. Ньюфаундленд : стандарт. Содержание. Разведение. Дрессировка. — М. : Аквариум, 2006. — С. 301. — ISBN 5-98435-629-5 .
- ↑ Gibbons Stamp Monthly Newfoundland Stamps and Postal History — Part 1: Prior to 1910 April 2005 (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 27 августа 2007. Архивировано 27 марта 2005 года.
- ↑ Серебряная монета «Ньюфаундленд» (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 26 июня 2009. Архивировано 4 марта 2016 года.
- ↑ Ньюфы сейчас на очень хорошем старте
Literature
- Водолаз, или ньюфаундлендская собака // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.