Smolensk voivodship ( Latin Palatinatus Smolencensis , Polish. Województwo smoleńskie ) is an administrative-territorial unit within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It existed from 1508 to 1793, although in the periods from 1514 to 1613 and from 1654 to 1793 the voivodship existed nominally. Area - about 53 thousand km². Center - the city of Smolensk .
Smolensk Voivodeship | |||
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A country | Grand Duchy of Lithuania | ||
Adm. Centre | Smolensk | ||
History and Geography | |||
Date of formation | 1508 - 1793 (in 1514 - 1613 and 1654 - 1793 existed nominally) | ||
Date of Abolition | |||
Square | 53,000 km² | ||
Largest cities | Smolensk , Roslavl , Starodub , Serpeysk , Velizh | ||
In the north and east, the voivodeship bordered on the Grand Duchy of Moscow (later, the Russian kingdom ), in the south - with the Mstislavsky voivodeship and Seversky land (from 1635 - the Chernihiv voivodeship ), in the west - with the Vitebsk voivodeship .
Content
History
In the XII century, the Smolensk principality independent of Kiev was formed around Smolensk. In 1395, it was subordinated to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas and from 1404 it was included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as Smolensk land , governed by grand prince governors and enjoying wide autonomy [1] . In 1508, Smolensk land was transformed into a voivodship [2] .
During the Russo-Lithuanian war of 1512-1522 in 1514, Smolensk was taken by Russian troops, and under the terms of the armistice concluded in 1522, the territory of the Smolensk voivodship became part of the Russian state [2] .
In 1565, after Tsar Ivan the Terrible divided the Russian state into oprichnina and zemstvo , the city of Smolensk became part of the latter [3] [4] .
During the war of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with Russia in 1609-1618, the Smolensk region was occupied by Polish-Lithuanian troops, and in 1611, after an almost two-year siege , Smolensk was captured. In this regard, in 1613, the Sejm of the Commonwealth decided to restore the Smolensk Voivodeship as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Under the terms of the Deulin Armistice concluded in 1618, Russia recognized territorial losses. The voivodship included the lands of Smolensk with the cities of Bely , Dorogobuzh , Roslavl , Smolensk, Serpeysk , as well as the Moscow districts of Nevel and Sebezh with the Red Town, Seversky land with the Trubchev princedom and Pochap volost [2] . The situation of Orthodox believers who did not convert to Catholicism or the union worsened significantly, there was oppression of other faiths, except Catholicism and Uniate [5] [6] .
In 1625, the Starodub County was formed as part of the Voivodeship, and the lands lying to the north of it formed the Smolensk County . Following the results of the Smolensk war of 1632-1634, Serpei volost left Russia. In the remaining part of Severshchina in 1634, the Chernihiv Voivodeship was formed as part of the Kingdom of Poland . In 1638, Nevelskaya, Sebezhskaya and Krasnogorodskaya volosts were transferred to the Polotsk Voivodeship . In 1644, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania transferred Trubchevsk to Russia as a gesture of goodwill [2] .
In the 1620–1640s, an agrarian reform was carried out on the territory of the voivodship ( “Volo Pomera” ), during which liberated land was distributed to Cossacks, Lithuanian Tatars , Pushkars, other military servants and the gentry (under the conditions of Lenin’s law ). In 1633, Krishtof Radziwill received in flax possession Nevelskoy and Sebezhsky volosts. In the period from 1611 to 1626, 9 cities of the province received Magdeburg law , 4 craft workshops were created in Smolensk [2] .
During the war of 1654-1667, the Smolensk Voivodeship was occupied by Russian troops, Smolensk was already taken at the initial stage of the war. Following the results of the Andrusovsky truce of 1667 and the Eternal Peace of 1686, the territory of the voivodship returned to the Russian Empire, but in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the povetial posts of the Smolensk voivodship continued to exist, and the gentry ( eszgulents ) who had escaped from the territory of the voivodship gathered seismics in Vilna . In 1793, the nominally existing Smolensk Voivodeship was abolished, and the posts of Smolensk voivode and Kashtelyan were renamed to Meritsky [2] .
Governor
In the period from 1514 to 1611 and from 1654, the position of governor of Smolensk was nominal, since at that time the voivodship was not under his control [7] [2] .
- Yuri Glebovich ( 1508 - 1514 )
- Yuri Sologub ( 1514 )
- Vasily Tyshkevich ( 1569 - 1570 )
- Grigory Volovich ( 1571 - 1577 )
- Yuri Ostik ( 1578 - 1579 )
- Philo Kmita ( 1579 - 1587 )
- Jan Valminsky ( 1588 - 1595 )
- Yan Abramovich ( 1596 - 1602 )
- Peter Dorogostaysky ( 1605 - 1611 )
- Nikolai Yanovich Glebovich ( 1611 - 1621 )
- Andrei Sapega ( 1621 )
- Mikhail Drutsky-Sokolinsky ( 1621 )
- Jan G. Golubitsky-Korsak ( 1625 )
- Alexander Gonsevsky ( 1625 - 1639 )
- Krishtof Gonsevsky ( 1639 - 1643 )
- Yuri Nikolaevich Glebovich ( 1643 - 1653 )
- Pavel Jan Sapieha ( 1653 ; nominated)
- Philip Kazimir Obukhovich ( 1653 - 1656 )
- Adam Matei Sakovich ( 1658 - 1662 )
- Mikhail Casimir Patz ( 1663 - 1667 )
- Grigory Kazimir Podberezsky ( 1667 - 1677 )
- Krishtof Yesman ( 1677 - 1686 )
- Stefan Konstantin Pesochinsky ( 1686 - 1691 )
- Adam Tarlo ( 1691 - 1710 )
- Jan Kos ( 1710 - 1712 )
- Alexander Jan Potocki ( 1712 - 1714 )
- Frantisek Zetner ( 1714 - 1732 )
- Mikhail Zdislov Zamoysky ( 1732 - 1735 )
- Stanislav Pototsky ( 1735 - 1744 )
- Peter Pavel Sapega ( 1744 - 1771 )
- Jozef Sosnowski ( 1771 - 1775 )
- Jozef Tyszkiewicz ( 1775 - 1790 )
- Frantisek Xavier Sapega ( 1790 - 1793 )
Notes
- ↑ Smalensk Zamlya // Vyalikae of the Principality of Lithuania. Enceclapedia at 3 t . - Mn. : BelEn , 2005. - T. 2: Kadetsky Corps - Yatskevich. - S. 600 .-- 788 p. - ISBN 985-11-0378-0 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pazdnyakў V. Smalenská of the province // Vyalikae of the Principality of Lithuania. Enceclapedia at 3 t . - Mn. : BelEn , 2005. - T. 2: Kadetsky Corps - Yatskevich. - S. 598-599. - 788 p. - ISBN 985-11-0378-0 .
- ↑ Storozhev V.N. Zemshchina // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Zemshchina // Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- ↑ Russian Orthodox Church. Essays on the story. Issue 1. M .: Edition of the Moscow Patriarchate, 1988
- ↑ Prerogative of Sigismund III of Smolensk gentry
- ↑ Wolff J. Senatorowie i dygnitarze Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego 1386-1795. - Kraków, 1885. - S. 48-49.
Literature
- Wolff J. Senatorowie i dygnitarze Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego 1386-1795. - Kraków, 1885. - S. 48–55. (polish)