Eastern philosophy

Philosophy as an independent discipline arises in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. at the same time in the three centers of ancient civilization - in China , India and Ancient Greece . Her birth was accompanied by a transition from a mythological worldview to a worldview based on knowledge gained in intellectual search.

In India, systematic philosophical knowledge was formed through opposition to brahmanism . In the VI-V centuries BC. e. there are many currents critical of the prescriptions of the Vedic religion . The development of Shraman schools leads to the establishment of philosophical systems in India, the main of which were adjivica , Jainism and Buddhism .

In China, the formation of philosophy was also facilitated by the ascetic wandering sages. Many teachings are formed on the analysis or criticism of such ancient cultural monuments as “ Shi Jing ” (“Canon of Poems”) and “ I Ching ” (“Book of Changes”) (for comparison, the Upanishads and Rigveda played this role in India). However, unlike India, there are two dominant worldview trends - Confucianism and Taoism . The first and at all in the II century BC. e. acquires the official status of state ideology.

Here are the main representatives of eastern philosophy of the 19th — 20th centuries:

• Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) - Indian thinker, religious reformer and public figure, student of the outstanding mystic Ramakrishna . The only way out of the crisis of modern mankind was considered the unity of all religions and the conversion of people to spiritual and religious experience. From the perspective of Western philosophy, he explained many of the key ideas of Vedanta - the most influential Indian religious and philosophical system.
• Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki (1870-1966) is a Japanese thinker, Buddhist philosopher and culturologist, a leading representative and researcher of Zen Buddhism . The central place in his research was occupied by the concept of enlightenment , which is understood as the meaning and essence of Buddhism and any authentic religion and philosophy. Among his works: “Fundamentals of Zen Buddhism”, “Essays on Zen Buddhism” in three parts, “Lectures on Zen Buddhism”, “Zen in Japanese Culture”.
• Jeddah Krishnamurti (1895-1986) - Indian thinker, a man of unique destiny. As a boy, he was recognized as a member of the Theosophical Society, intended for the embodiment of the coming messiah, and accordingly brought up under their supervision. However, in 1929, Krishnamurti renounced both his messianism and all participation in organized religious activities and became a lonely thinker, conducting conversations with people in dozens of countries. Famous works of Krishnamurti: “First and Last Freedom”, “The Only Revolution”, “Out of Time”, “Freedom from the Famous”.
• Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) - Muslim philosopher, poet, religious reformer and public figure of Hindustan. Revered as the “spiritual father of the nation” in Pakistan and the most outstanding truly Muslim philosopher of the 20th century . A critical rethinking of the entire Muslim worldview and the justification of the fundamental reform of traditional society with a key role in this process of man is the pathos of Iqbal’s teachings. His religious and philosophical views are presented in the book "Reconstruction of religious thought in Islam."

In 1951, Charles A. Moore , head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Hawaii (USA), founded the international interdisciplinary quarterly journal Philosophy East and West, dedicated to the study of eastern philosophy in comparison with western . The study of Eastern philosophy is the annual academic journal " Problems of Eastern Philosophy ." This academic journal founded in 1996 is published by the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan.

• Arab philosophy
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• Voinov V.V. Models of dialectics in ancient and eastern philosophy // Problems of Philosophy. Vol. 54. Kiev, 1981
• Ginjolia B. I. Eastern Philosophy of the 19th — 20th Centuries. Ekaterinburg, 2006.
• From the history of medieval eastern philosophy. Baku, 1989 .-- 148 p.
• History of Eastern Philosophy. Tutorial. M.: IF RAS , 1998, 122 pp. ISBN 5-201-01993-5
• Kobzev A.I. "East - West" in the world historical and philosophical process // Philosophical Sciences . M. High School . - 1988. - No. 7. - S. 105-109.
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• Sagadeev A.V. On some bourgeois-idealistic concepts of the history of eastern philosophy. (Literature review) .// Philosophical sciences . - M., 1958, 3 4.S. 204-211.
• Stepanyants M.T. Eastern Philosophy. Introductory course and selected texts. 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. M .: " Oriental literature ", 2001. - 511 p.
• Stepanyants M. T. On the specifics of the eastern types of philosophizing // Rationalist tradition and modernity. India. M .: Nauka, 1988.S. 3-10.
• Thomson M. Eastern Philosophy. Per. from English Yu. Bondareva. - M .: FAIR PRESS, 2002 .-- 384 p.: Ill.
• Fedotova L.F. Philosophy of the Ancient East. - M .: Publishing house "Sputnik +", 2015. - 142 p.
• Frolov I.T. and others. Introduction to Philosophy (Textbook for universities). - M .: " Politizdat ", 1989.
• Heidegger and Eastern Philosophy: The Search for Complementarity of Cultures. - SPb., 2001. - 324 p.
• Shaimukhambetova G. B. On the state, problems and prospects of studying the philosophical thought of the foreign East // Problems of Philosophy . - 1985. - No. 11. - S. 16 - 17.
• Shevchenko O.K. On the "Eastern philosophies" in higher philosophical education of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Russian Philosophical Society. 2 (78) 2016 .-- S.40-43. ISSN 1606-6251
• Lepekhov S.Yu. Consciousness and its “emptiness” in Eastern philosophy (on the 85th birthday of A.M. Pyatigorsky) // Bulletin of the BSC SB RAS. 2014. No. 3 (15). S. 147-159.
• Oldmeadow Harry Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West (Bloomington: World Wisdom 2007). 352 c. ISBN 1-933316-22-5

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