Takhinas [1] , or ezhumuhi [2] [3] ( lat. Tachinidae ) , - a large family of insects from the suborder of short-eared two-winged insects , common everywhere. It includes 9604 known species [4] . The larvae of most species are internal insect parasitoids .
| Tahini | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Tachina magnicornis , Western Europe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tachinidae Robineau-Desvoidy , 1830 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Content
General characteristics
The length of the body of representatives of the family - 3-20 mm. The body is covered with bristles (hence the second name). The shape of the abdomen is ovoid or conical. The belly consists of 4 rings. Last antennal segment compressed laterally. Adults are active in sunny warm weather and are often found on the flowers of plants, where they feed on nectar . Some species have a twilight period of activity.
Larvae parasitism and breeding
The larvae of most species are internal insect parasitoids .
After mating, the female does not immediately lay eggs. Usually it takes an additional 8 to 25 days to ripen eggs. After this, the female begins searching for a host for future larvae. The ways of its infection are different for different groups of tachin. Eggs can be laid on the leaves of plants that feed on caterpillars of butterflies , caterpillars and other insects. In the case of parasitization on the larvae of soil insects, females lay eggs in the soil, and the released larvae migrate for some time in search of the host. Some species lay eggs directly into the body of the insect. There are viviparous species. In many cases, egg laying occurs only in the presence of the host. A weevil beetle was found in the Dominican amber with a Tahini egg attached to its pronotum [5] .
At first, the larvae do not touch the vital organs, and only at the end of their development do they secrete a large amount of digestive juices into the host body, which completely digest its organs and tissues. Having finished feeding, the larvae emerge from the body of the host and pupate in the soil.
Among the representatives of the family is a relatively small number of monophagous species, developing exclusively at the expense of one species. Most species are still parasitic on a large number of different owners belonging to the same family or order. Usually, in the body of a host insect, one or several larvae of one species of tahin develop from one egg laying.
Tahini - natural enemies of many insects, regulating the number of the latter, than bring great benefits. Some species have successfully acclimatized in different countries to fight the Colorado and Japanese beetles , unpaired silkworm and other pests. Phasia crassipennis and Gymnosoma dolycoridis parasitize on bugs .
Photo
Phasia hemiptera
Trichopoda pennipes
Gymnosoma sp.
Gymnosoma nudifrons
Adejeania vexatrix
Cylindromyia auriceps
Archytas sp.
Tachina fera
Tachina grossa
Eriothrix rufomaculatus
Echinomyia fera
Allophorocera ferruginea
Winthemia variegata
Notes
- ↑ Mamaev B.M. Order Diptera, or Flies and Mosquitoes (Diptera) // Animal Life. Volume 3. Arthropods: trilobites, helix, tracheal. Onykhofory / ed. M. S. Gilyarova , F. N. Pravdin, ch. ed. V.Ye. Sokolov . - 2nd ed. - M .: Education, 1984. - p. 416. - 463 p.
- ↑ An annotated list of rare and endangered species of invertebrate animals specially protected within Russia // 2003 * Russia * Red list of specially protected rare and endangered animals and plants. (2nd edition). Part 2. Invertebrates (Red Book Bulletin, 2/2004 (2008)) / resp. ed. V. Ye. Prisyazhnyuk. - M .: Laboratory of the Red Book of the All-Russian Research Institute for Nature Conservation , 2004 (2008). - p. 417. - 512 s. - ISBN 978-5-9243-0158-7 Full Text
- ↑ Ezhemuhi // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Catalog of Life : Tachinidae Family with a link to Systema Dipterorum Archived copy dated April 5, 2010 on the Wayback Machine . (Checked August 17, 2016)
- ↑ George Poinar Jr. Stenaspidiotus microptilus n. gen., n. sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) in Dominican amber, with evidence of tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae) oviposition // Historical Biology. - 2013-02-01. - V. 25 , issue. 1 . - pp . 101–105 . - ISSN 0891-2963 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 08912963.2012.710443 .
Literature
- Crosskey, RW 1976. A taxonomic conspectus of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the Oriental Region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Supplement 26. 357 pp.
- Crosskey, RW 1980. Family Tachinidae. Pp. 822-882. In Crosskey, RW, ed., Catalog of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London. 1437 pp.
- Guimarães, JH 1971. Family Tachinidae (Larvaevoridae). A catalog of the South of the United States. Sao paulo Vol. 104, 333 pp.
- O'Hara, JE 2008. Tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae). Pp. 3675-3686. In: Capinera, JL, ed., Encyclopedia of Entomology. 2nd Edition. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. 4346 pp.
- O'Hara, JE, Shima, H. and Zhang C.-T. 2009. Annotated catalog of the Tachinidae (Insecta: Diptera) of China. Zootaxa 2190. 236 pp.
- O'Hara, JE and Wood, DM 2004. Catalog of the North America of Tachinidae (Diptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 18. 410 pp.
- Stireman, JO, O'Hara, JE and Wood, DM 2006. Tachinidae: evolution, behavior, and ecology. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 525-555.
- Tschorsnig, H.-P. and Richter, VA 1998. Family Tachinidae. Pp. 691-827. In: Papp, L. and Darvas, B., eds., Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 3. Higher Brachycera. Science Herald, Budapest. 880 pp.
- Wood, DM 1987. Tachinidae. Pp. 1193-1,269. In: McAlpine, JF, Peterson, BV, Shewell, GE, Teskey, HJ, Vockeroth, JR and Wood, DM, eds., Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Agriculture Canada Monograph 28: i-vi, 675-1332.
Links
- Overview of the Tachinidae (Diptera)
- General Information about Tachinid Flies (English)
- Scrolling // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra). - SPb. , 1890-1907.