Energy of Ukraine

In the economic complex of Ukraine, the electric power industry plays a very important role. About half of the total primary fuel ( coal , oil , gas , uranium ) that Ukraine produces or imports, as well as the energy of individual rivers, is used to produce electricity and heat . The development of the electric power industry stimulates the creation of new industrial units. Some industries are geographically close to sources of cheap electricity, for example, non-ferrous metallurgy . Electricity in Ukraine is generated mainly at thermal power plants , hydroelectric power stations , PSPPs and nuclear power plants .

In the future, it is planned to use environmentally friendly energy sources, the country has all the possibilities for using alternative and non-traditional energy sources, in particular - wind, solar and thermal energy .

Installed capacity at Ukrainian power plants is 42.8 GW .

The main thermal power plants are located in the Donbass . The most powerful of them are: Uglegorsk TPP (3.6 million kW), Starobeshevskaya (~ 2 million kW), Lugansk and Kurakhovskaya (~ 1.5 million kW each). Zaporizhzhya NPP ( Energodar ) is the most powerful among European nuclear power plants. Hydroelectric power stations with a total capacity of 2.5 million kW are operating on the Dnieper. Three powerful stations are located near Kiev : Tripolskaya TPP (1.8 million kW), Kievskaya HPP and PSPP . A new powerful region is being formed in the western part of the country, consisting of thermal power plants (in Dobrotvor and Burshtyn ) and nuclear power plants ( Rivne and Khmelnitsky ). The Dniester hydroelectric station (0.7 million kW) is also located in the western region of the country. The southern regions of Ukraine are the worst provided with electricity of their own production. The largest power plants in the south of the country are the South Ukrainian NPP (3 million kW) and the Ladyzhinskaya TPP (1.8 million kW).

In 2011, according to the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine, primary energy production in Ukraine amounted to: coal - 81.99 million tons (including 56.97 million tons - thermal coal, 25.02 million tons - coking), natural gas - 20.14 billion m3, oil and gas condensate - 3.33 million tons. In 2011, the volume of oil and gas condensate processing at Ukrainian refineries and the Shebelinsky gas processing plant decreased to 9.05 million tons (in 2010 it was 11.10 million tons); natural gas sales by NAK Naftogaz Ukrainy to all categories of Ukrainian consumers amounted to 44.04 billion m³.

In 2012, the energy balance of Ukraine according to the State Statistics Service ^[1] (structure of consumption of primary energy resources) was as follows:

• natural gas - 16%
• coal and peat - 8%
• atomic energy - 64%
• oil and oil products - 3%
• other types of energy - 0.5%

Electricity production in Ukraine amounted to ^[2] :

• in 2001 - 200 billion kWh;
• in 2004 - 182.2 billion kWh;
• in 2008 - 191.7 billion kWh;
• in 2011 - 193.9 billion kWh.

Electricity Production Structure

According to the results of 2011, the structure of generating capacities in Ukraine was as follows (in percent, the installed capacities at power plants are indicated in brackets):

• TPPs and CHPs - 57.5% (31,472 MW)
• Nuclear power plants - 29.6% (13 107 MW)
• HPPs and PSPPs (pumped storage power plants) - 12.4% (5500 MW)
• solar power plants - 0.3% (130 MW)
• wind power plants - 0.2% (86 MW)

At the same time, the utilization factor of installed capacity of thermal power plants in Ukraine is significantly lower than that of nuclear power plants.
Actual electricity production in Ukraine in 2010 as part of the United Energy System ^[3] :

• TPPs and TPPs - 45.7% (87.01 TWh)
• NPPs - 44.6% (84.9 TW · h)
• HPPs and PSPPs (pumped storage power plants) - 5.1% (9.6 TW · h)
• Block stations and communal thermal power plants - 4.5% (8.71 TW · h)

In Ukraine, there are six electricity generating companies that generate electricity at thermal power plants (TPPs and TPPs):

• Dneproenergo ( Zaporizhzhya ) 4885 MW, electricity supply in 2011 15.844 million kWh
  • Zaporizhzhya TPP ( Energodar ) 300 MW ^[4] , 4,534.9 million kWh
  • Kryvyi Rih TPP ( Zelenodolsk ) 3000 MW, 7668.4 million kWh
  • Pridneprovskaya TPP ( Dnipro city) 200 MW, 3640.1 million kWh
• Centrenergo (Kiev) 7575 MW
  • Uglegorsk TPP ( Svetlodarsk ) 600 MW
  • Zmievskaya TPP (village Slobozhansky ) 500 MW
  • Tripol TPP ( Ukrainka ) 200 MW
• Zakhidenergo (Lviv) 300 MW, supply 12,661.8 million kWh
  • Burshtyn TPP ( Burshtyn ) 100 MW, 7818.0 million kWh
  • Ladyzhinskaya TPP ( Ladyzhin city) 100 MW, 3215.1 million kWh
  • Dobrotvorskaya TPP ( Dobrotvor city) 250 MW, 1,602.4 million kWh
  • Ladyzhinskaya hydroelectric power station 3 MW, 26.3 million kWh
• Vostokenergo (Donetsk) 784 MW, supply 17,135.9 million kWh
  • Zuevskaya TPP ( Zugres city) 200 MW, 6,253.8 million kWh
  • Kurakhovskaya TPP ( Kurakhovo city) 220 MW, 5969.6 million kWh
  • Lugansk TPP ( Happiness ) 300 MW, 4912.5 million kWh
• Donbassenergo ( Gorlovka ) 300 MW
  • Starobeshevskaya TPP ( Novyi Svet ) 100 MW
  • Slavyanskaya TPP ( Nikolaevka ) 80 MW
• Kyivenergo (Kiev) 93 MW, vacation 4,481.7 million kWh
  • Kiev TPP-5 100 MW, 2392.7 million kWh
  • Kiev TPP-6 200 MW, 22126.0 million kWh

In the ownership of the Ukrainian state, the person of the Ministry of Energy and Coal owns 100% of the shares of the Energy Company of Ukraine NAC (National Energy Company), which owned all TES, today only 78.29% of the shares of [Centrenergo]. The Azarov government has decided to privatize a 53.289% stake in Centrenergo and a 60.773% stake in Donbassenergo at the end of 2012.

At the beginning of 2012, DTEK ( Rinat Akhmetov’s company) owned Vostokenergo , 72.9% of Dneproenergo , 70.91% of Zakhidenergo , 72.39% of Kyivenergo . Thus, DTEK controls about 18,200 MW of installed generating capacity, which is 53.9% of the capacity of all TPPs and TPPs in Ukraine, generating 50.1 billion kWh of electricity (29% of the total electricity production in Ukraine, including non-privatized nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power stations , PSPP). Approximately 62.8 billion kWh or 43% of electricity is sold through DTEK’s acquired energy sales companies (Donetskoblenergo, Dneprooblenergo, Krymenergo and others) (including more than 50% for the needs of industry).

Environmental Development Issues

One of the main factors limiting the development of the electric power industry in Ukraine is environmental . Emissions from the work of this industry make up about 30% of all solid particles that enter the atmosphere as a result of human activities. According to this indicator, power plants are equal to metallurgy enterprises and are ahead of all other industries. In addition, energy produces up to 63% of sulfuric anhydride and more than 53% of nitric oxide , which enter the air from stationary sources of pollution. They are the main sources of acid rain in Ukraine.

The negative impact on the environment had the construction of hydropower plants. The construction of a hydroelectric station on the Dnieper (except for the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station ) led to flooding of significant territories. Reservoirs raised the level of groundwater, which caused intense destruction of steep coasts.

Important for Ukraine is nuclear safety . The disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant turned a significant part of the country into an environmental disaster zone . The most polluted were Kiev, Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa, Rivne, Chernihiv and Cherkasy regions. In addition to soil, forest and water resources, important for the life of the population of Ukraine, were exposed to radiation pollution.

The solution to the problems of the energy complex of Ukraine is possible with the introduction and subsequent use of modern technologies.

In 2006, the technical condition of the industry was extremely unsatisfactory: it was necessary to modernize new equipment and introduce resource-saving technologies, as well as develop alternative energy sources.

From July 1, 2019, the liberalization of the energy market in Ukraine begins.

Electricity is indicated in billion kWh net ( gross also includes losses of power supply organizations and 20 ... 40% more). Gas in billion m ³ , coal in million tons:

Privatization of Ukrainian Energy and the Structure of Ownership of Energy Facilities

As in other countries - the republics of the former USSR , the energy sector of Ukraine has gone from full state control to partial privatization of energy facilities.

The nuclear energy industry of Ukraine, organized in the form of the National Atomic Energy Company Energoatom , is currently fully owned by the state. A number of heat and hydro generation facilities, as well as energy supply infrastructure, have been privatized.

Created in 2004 by the holding company NAC , on the balance of which for a long time most of the state-owned energy facilities were located, in 2014, by the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, it was disbanded and its enterprises were transferred to the Ministry of Energy and Coal industry of Ukraine ^[13] . As of 2018, the privatization of state-owned enterprises in the energy sector of Ukraine continues ^[14] .

Despite the arrival of private enterprises in the energy sector of Ukraine, to date, it remains highly monopolized . ^[15] , ^[16]

Currently, the largest private energy companies in Ukraine are:

• DTEK is the largest private energy holding in Ukraine ^[17] , which controls over 17.5 GW of installed capacity of power plants, including energy supply infrastructure, coal mining and an energy service company.
• VS Energy is the second largest private energy company in Ukraine ^[18] , which controls about 1/3 of the local energy transmission market in the country ^[19] , ^[18] .
  VS Energy is controlled by Kyivoblenergo, Rivneoblenergo, Khersonoblenergo, Kirovogradoblenergo, Zhytomyroblenergo, Odessaoblenergo, Chernivtsioblenergo, Sevastopolenergo, the group also has a share in Nikolayevoblenergoenergo and. ^[eighteen]
• Ukrenergokonsalting is a holding company that controls the energy supply companies Lvivoblenergo and Prikarpatyeoblenergo. ^[twenty]

The nuclear energy industry of Ukraine, organized in the form of the National Atomic Energy Company Energoatom , is currently fully owned by the state.

Renewable energy sources in Ukraine:

87.8 MW of wind farms and 407.9 MW of wind farms are located on the territory of Crimea not controlled by Ukraine, ^[21] 138 MW wind farms are located on the territory of unrecognized DNR and LNR .

At the end of 2018, the capacity of private SESs is 190 MW (approximately 12% of all Ukrainian SESs); the number of home stations - 8843 (leading in the number of home SES Kiev and Dnepropetrovsk regions). In 2019, the “green tariff” was canceled for private SES located on the ground. ^[thirty]

• Mikhailovskaya Converter ( High-voltage direct current line Volgograd - Donbass )
• Western Ukrainian
• Donbass
• Kakhovskaya (unfinished)
• Kievskaya
• Vinnytsia-750
• Dnieper
• Victory (500 kV)
• switchgear 750 kV Zaporizhzhya NPP
• Zaporizhzhya-750
• North-Ukrainian
• Novodonbasskaya (500 kV)

see Energosbyt

The cost of gas for Ukrainian industry is more than $ 500 per thousand cubic meters. At the end of 2018, the cost of gas re-exported from Europe to Ukraine rose to a record high in four years - $ 340 per thousand cubic meters (Europe itself buys gas from Russia at $ 100 cheaper). ^[37]

• The problem of energy supply and transportation in Russian-Ukrainian relations

• Interactive map of all renewable energy objects in Ukraine
• The Ministry of Energy and the Ukrainian Industry of Ukraine (Ukrainian)
• The State Property Fund postponed the sale of Centrenergo and Donbassenergo to December 2012 // RBC .ua, 08/29/2012
• Moscow and Minsk left Ukraine without a diesel engine // Sight , September 24, 2019