Far right , far right , radical right - terms used to denote the position of a group or person on the right spectrum of a political field. Far-right politicians usually support the principle of Supremasism - the belief that the superiority of some individuals and groups and the inferiority of others are innate and objective reality, which leads to a complete rejection of the concept of social equality as the norm. Far-right politicians often support the principle of segregation : the separation of groups of people considered "higher" and groups considered "lower." Also, for this kind of people, anti-immigration and anti-integration positions are often characteristic in relation to various groups that are considered lower and undesirable [1] . In the most radical movements, a policy of oppression and genocide of groups of people may be pursued on the basis of their perceived inferiority [2] . Ultra-right ideology usually includes authoritarianism , nationalism , racism , Nazism, and xenophobia [3] .
The far right is usually associated with a person or groups of people who have extreme nationalist, xenophobic, racist, religious fundamentalist or reactionary views [4] . As a rule, the term applies to neo-fascists , neo-Nazis , nativists and anti-communists [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .
Ultra Right Organizations
Africa
- South Africa
- Broderbond
- Ossevabrandvag ( Johannes van Rensburg )
- Afrikaner Resistance Movement ( Eugene Terblanche , Stein van Ronge )
- Boer strength
Asia
- India
- Rashtriya Svayamevak Sangh
- PDP
- Vishwa Hindu Parishad
- Shiv sena [11] [12]
- Maharashtra Navnirman Sena [13] [14] [15]
- Sanatan Sanstha [16] [17] [18]
- Bajrang gave [19] [20] [21]
- Sriram Sena [22] [23]
- Israel
- Kach movement [24]
- Japan
- Ishin seito shimpu
- National Socialist Japanese Workers and Welfare Party
- Assistance Association to the Throne
- Patriotic Party "Great Japan" ( Satoshi Akao , Mitihiko Akao )
- Far right in Japan
- Lebanon
- Guardians of the cedars
- Malaysia
- Malay National Organization
- Pakistan
- Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal [25]
- Thailand
- Red Gauras ( Sudsai Hassadin )
- Turkey
- Felicity party
- Great union party
- Party of the nationalist movement ( Alparslan Turkesh , Devlet Bahcheli )
- Gray Wolves ( Abdulla Chatly )
Australia
- Australia First Party [26]
- Citizens Electoral Council [27] [28]
- One Nation Party [29]
Europe
- Aginter Press ( Yves Guerin-Serak )
- European Union
- Euronat
- Originality, tradition, sovereignty [30] [31] [32]
- Austria
- Alliance for the Future of Austria
- Austrian Freedom Party [33] [34] [35]
- Belgium
- Vlaams blok
- Flemish Interest [33] [34]
- National Front [33] [34]
- Bulgaria
- Attack [30]
- Lukovsky march
- Great Britain
- British movement
- National Front [34]
- British National Party [34] [36] [37]
- Combat 18
- English League Defense [38] [39]
- Hungary
- Fides
- Hungarian National Defense Association ( Gyula Gömbös , Miklos Kozma )
- Crossed Arrows ( Ferenc Salashi )
- Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja ( Hungarian Justice and Life Party )
- Jobbik [40]
- World national domination party
- Movement for the hungarian world
- Germany
- Alternative for Germany
- Union of German Youth ( Paul Lut )
- German National Democratic Party [33] [34] ( Adolf von Tadden , Martin Musgnugh , Günther Deckert , Udo Voigt , Franz Frank )
- Hoffmann Military Sports Group ( Karl-Heinz Hoffman )
- National Socialist Underground ( Beata Chepe )
- German Conservative Party - German Right Party ( Franz-Josef Sontag , Wilhelm Eger )
- German Freedom Party ( Heinrich Kunstman , Oscar Lutz )
- German construction party
- German Conservative Party
- German People's Freedom Party
- German National People’s Party
- Free Conservative Party
- Harzburg front
- Steel helmet
- Front Action National Socialists / National Activists ( Michael Künen )
- German Popular Socialist Movement / Labor Party ( Friedhelm Busse , Frank Schubert )
- Free German Workers Party ( Martin Pape , Michael Kunen , Friedhelm Busse )
- Nationalist Front ( Meinolf Schönborn , Andreas Paul , Steffen Hupka )
- German alternative ( Michael Künen , Frank Hübner )
- Republicans [33] [34]
- Deutsche Heidnische Front - (German Heathen's Front) [33] [34]
- German People’s Union [41] [42]
- Deutsche Liga für Volk und Heimat (DLVH) - German League for People and Homeland [33] [34]
- Right ( Christian Warh )
- Freie kameradschaften
- Greece
- Patriotiki Symmakhia (Patriotic Alliance) [43]
- Chrissi augi
- Popular Orthodox Rally [44] [45] [46] [47]
Georgia
- [48]
- Spain
- Spanish phalanx [34]
- Partisans of the King of Christ ( Mariano Sanchez Covisa )
- Spanish phalanx (1977)
- New Force ( Blas Pinar )
- Spanish solidarity ( Antonio Tehero )
- Democracia Nacional (National Democracy) [34]
- España 2000
- Italy
- Italian Social Movement ( Arturo Michelini , Giorgio Almirante )
- National Avant-garde ( Stefano Delle Chiaie )
- Revolutionary armed cells ( Franco Anselmi , Valerio Fioravanti , Francesca Mambro , Giorgio Vale )
- Fiamma Tricolore ( Luca Romagnoli )
- The social idea movement ( Pinot Rauti )
- New Power ( Roberto Fiore )
- Social National Front ( Adriano Tilger )
- Fascism and Freedom ( Carlo Garillo )
- Latvia
- National Power Union [49]
- Fatherland and Freedom / DNNL
- Luxembourg
- Nationalbewegung [34]
- Malta
- Imperium Europa
- Netherlands
- Centrumdemocraten ( Center Democrats ) [33] [34]
- Centrumpartij - Center Party , later Centrumpartij'86, both defunct [34]
- Poland
- League of Polish Families [50]
- Unia Polityki Realnej ( Real Politics Union )
- Portugal
- Portugal Liberation Army ( Barbieri Cardoso )
- CODECO - Operational Command for the Protection of Western Civilization ( Vashka Montes , António Panacqueira Gaga )
- National Action Movement ( Luis Enriques , Mario Machado )
- Russia
- Autonomous Nationalists (Autonomies)
- National Liberation Movement (Russia) (GCD)
- People's National Party
- Russian national unity
- Slavic Union
- Movement against illegal immigration
- Russian image
- Russian National Union
- People’s Socialist Party of Russia
- Russian Fascist Party
- All-Russian fascist organization
- National Socialist Society
- National Socialist Workers Party of Russia
- Northern Brotherhood
- National Sovereign Party of Russia
- Slavic Separatists
- Union officers
- Freedom Party
- Combat terrorist organization
- Blood & Honor Russia
- Combat 18 Russia
- Mad crowd
- Schulz-88
- Legion Werewolf
- Format-18
- Ethnopolitical Association of Russians
- Block "FACT"
- Black Hundreds
- Union of Orthodox Holy Banners
- NS / WP Nevograd
- Romania
- Greater Romania [31]
- Iron Guard
- Noua dreapta
- Serbia
- Serbian Radical Party [51] [52] [53] [54]
- Obraz
- Nacionalni stroj
- Slovenia
- Lipa (The Lime Tree)
- Party of Slovenian Nation
- Ukraine
- Ukrainian National Union
- Popular Front of Poltava Region
- Social-National Assembly
- Autonomous Nationalists
- Blood and Honor Ukraine
- UNA-UNSO
- VO "Freedom"
- Ukrainian Conservative Party
- Trident
- National Labor Party
- Patriot of Ukraine
- Party Brotherhood
- Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
- National Patriotic Organization of Ukraine
- C14
- National Corps
- Right sector
- France
- Federation of National and European Action ( Mark Frederiksen )
- National Front [33] [34]
- Croatia
- Croatian Pure Party of Rights [55]
- Croatian Liberation Movement [56] [57] [58]
- Switzerland
- Schweizer Demokraten [59]
- Partei National Orientierter Schweizer
- Lega dei ticinesi
- Freiheits-partei der Schweiz
- Eidgenössisch-Demokratische Union
- Sweden
- Nationaldemokraterna ( National Democrats ) [60]
- Nordiska rikspartiet ( Nordic Reich Party ) [33] [34]
North America
- Haiti
- Taunton Macoutes ( Clement Barbeau , Luckner Cumbronn , Roger La Fontan )
- Front for the development and progress of Haiti ( Emmanuel Constant , Louis-Zhodel Chamblain , Michel Francois )
- Guatemala
- National Liberation Movement ( Mario Sandoval Alarcon )
- Mano Blanca ( Mario Sandoval Alarcon , Lionel Sisniega Otero )
- Anti-Communist Party ( Lionel Sisniega Otero )
- Secret anti-communist army ( Herman Chupin Barahona )
- Brotherhood ( José Luis Kilo Ayuso , Edgar Justino Ovalie Maldonado )
- Grenada
- Grenada United Labor Party ( Eric Gary )
- Mongoose Banda ( Moslin Bishop )
- Canada
- Heritage front
- Nationalist Party of Canada
- National Socialist Party of Canada
- Western block party
- Canadian heritage alliance
- Costa Rica
- Costa Rican Freedom Movement
- Mexico
- Tecos
- USA
- American Nazi Party
- Ku Klux Klan
- National Socialist Movement
- National Socialist White People's Party
- White Aryan Resistance
- John Birch Society
- Salvador
- Union of the White Warriors ( Roberto d'Aubusson )
- Armed Forces Regalado ( Hector Antonio Regalado )
- Salvadoran Nationalist Movement ( Alfredo Mena Lagos , Ernesto Panama Sandoval , Armando Calderon Sol )
- Nationalist Republican Alliance ( Roberto d'Aubusson )
South America
- Argentina
- Triple a
- Brazil
- Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order
- Colombia
- Colombian Combined Self-Defense Forces [61] ( Carlos Castaño Gil )
- Chile
- Motherland and Freedom ( Pablo Rodriguez , Roberto Tieme )
See also
- The history of the far right of France
- Ideology
- Right populism
- Ultral
- Hindutwa
- Hindu Nationalism
Notes
- ↑ Craig Parsons, Timothy M. Smeeding. Immigration and the transformation of Europe . Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. 18.
- I Hilliard, Robert L. and Michael C. Keith, Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right (Armonk, New York: ME Sharpe, Inc., 1999). p. 38
- I Hilliard, Robert L. and Michael C. Keith, Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right (Armonk, New York: ME Sharpe Inc., 1999
- ↑ Rodney P. Carlisle (general editor). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right . Thousand Oaks, California, USA; London, England, UK; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005. Pp. 693
- ↑ Rodney P. Carlisle (general editor). The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right . Thousand Oaks, California, USA; London, England, UK; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005. Pp. 694.
- ↑ The Routledge companion to fascism ... - Google Books
- ↑ The Christian right: the far right ... - Google Books
- ↑ Right-wing extremism in the twenty ... - Google Books
- ↑ Western democracies and the new ... - Google Books
- ↑ Roger Griffin. Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion. - 11 Aug 2005.
- ↑ Police deny Shiv Sena arrest rumors . Archived April 13, 2012.
- ↑ Indian MPs elect far-right speaker . Archived April 13, 2012.
- ↑ Riot fears in Bombay after arrest of extremist leader .
- ↑ Arrest of political leader sparks protests in Mumbai . Archived April 13, 2012.
- ↑ Indian police arrest head of the rightwing group Unidentified . Archived April 13, 2012.
- ↑ Cops, Hindu group nexus in blast: Law panel head . Archived April 13, 2012.
- Mah 'Maharashtra fast turning into a right wing terror hub' . Archived April 13, 2012.
- ↑ Sanatha Sanstha denies role in Goa blast . Archived April 13, 2012.
- ↑ ARTS ABROAD; A Muslim Artist and Hindu Images: It's a Volatile Mix . Archived April 13, 2012.
- ↑ "Bajrang Dal: The militant face of the saffron family?" The Times of India. The appeal date is October 26, 2009. Archived on April 13, 2012.
- ↑ "Militant Hindu Valentine Threat" . BBC. The appeal date is October 26, 2009. Archived on April 13, 2012.
- ↑ Goa police probing foreign links of right wing outfit . Archived April 13, 2012.
- Sought Report sought on 'love jihad' . Archived April 13, 2012.
- ↑ Currently Listed Entities (Unavailable (unavailable link) . Public Safety Canada (November 6, 2006). Дата обращения 13 августа 2007. Архивировано 9 марта 2007 года.
- ↑ Top Judge's Ouster Shakes Pakistan, Washington Post (27). Дата обращения 19 апреля 2007. Архивировано 13 апреля 2012 года.
- ↑ Australia First: reclaiming the agenda , The Age , December 14, 2005.
- ↑ Fascist Australia , The Age , August 24, 2004.
- ↑ Minority group in TV hijacking Архивная копия от 16 июля 2007 на Wayback Machine , The Australian , July 14, 2007.
- ↑ Attacks on Asians fuel Australia's far right (7/29/2009). Архивировано 13 апреля 2012 года.
- ↑ 1 2 Mahony, Honor . Far-right group formed in European Parliament , EUobserver (9 января 2007). Дата обращения 10 января 2007.
- ↑ 1 2 Traynor, Ian . Romania's first gift to the European Union - a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers , The Guardian (8 января 2007). Дата обращения 10 января 2007.
- ↑ Rechtsaußenfraktion im EU-Parliament kommt , Der Standard (5 января 2007). Дата обращения 10 января 2007. (нем.)
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ignazi, Piero (1997), "The Extreme Right in Europe", in Merkl, Peter H. & Weinberg, Leonard, The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties , London: Peter Cass
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Mudde, Cas. The Ideology of the Extreme Right. — Manchester, England : Manchester University Press, 2000.
- ↑ Far-right party shows surprising strength in Austrian vote , CNN, October 3, 1999.
- ↑ British National Party: Nasty, brutish and short-lived? , The Economist , August 5, 2004.
- ↑ The Rising Threat of the BNP: The Underlying Causes, its Present Nature and Prospects , The Commune (2009), by Dan Jakopovich.
- ↑ Hines, Nico; Pitas, Costas . Far-right group, the English Defence League, in disarray after Birmingham fracas (10 августа 2009). The appeal date is October 10, 2009.
- ↑ Grey, Sadie . Anti-Islamists target Palestinian rally in central London (13 сентября 2009). The appeal date is October 10, 2009.
- ↑ Jobbik: Meet the BNP's fascist friends in Hungary — Times Online
- ↑ German Far Right Exploiting Reform Anger | Current Affairs | Deutsche Welle | 10.09.2004
- ↑ BBC NEWS | Europe | German far right unites for polls
- ↑ ENF gathers in Athens Архивная копия от 20 ноября 2015 на Wayback Machine from the European National Front website.
- ↑ September 18, 2007, The Guardian
- ↑ September 18, 2007, The Age quoting Los Angeles Times, Reuters
- ↑ September 17, 2007, New York Times
- ↑ September 16, 2007, Washington Post
- ↑ Georgian March official webpage.
- ↑ Return to (illiberal) diversity? — p. 9
- ↑ Political parties , Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland) , accessed 23 October 2009.
- ↑ The Virtual and Global Social Democratic Party — Political Exchange World-wide: List of Extreme Right-wing & Left-wing Parties (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 26 декабря 2009. Архивировано 3 февраля 2008 года.
- ↑ Southeast Europe Portal — Serbia: Local Elections 2004 Results (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 26 декабря 2009. Архивировано 23 сентября 2004 года.
- ↑ Guardian: Extreme nationalist elected speaker of Serbian parliament
- ↑ Boston.com news article: Milosevic ally gains key Serbian post
- ↑ Cynthia M. Frank, The Impact of Electoral Engineering on Nationalist Parties in Post-War States , master's thesis (Georgia State University). Accessed 16 February 2007.
- ↑ Jasenovac — Donja Gradina: Industry of Death 1941-45 (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 26 декабря 2009. Архивировано 5 мая 2009 года.
- ↑ Povijest i program
- ↑ Ante Pavelic killer file (недоступная ссылка) . Дата обращения 26 декабря 2009. Архивировано 19 июня 2009 года.
- ↑ Schweizer Demokraten vor der Auflösung (недоступная ссылка) , NZZ Online (2007), «facing dissolution».
- ↑ Rydgren, Jens Radical Right-wing Populism in Sweden and Denmark (not available link) . The Center for the European Politics and Society. The appeal date is May 25, 2006. Archived on February 4, 2012.
- ↑ [1] , Militia chief to stay in Colombia
Literature
- in Russian
- A. Shekhovtsov. New Right-wing Radical Parties in European Democracies: Causes of Electoral Support. - Hannover: ibidem-Verlag, 2011. - 250 p. - ISBN 978-3-8382-0180-1 .
- in other languages
- Arzheimer, Kai and Elisabeth Carter (2006). "Political Opportunity Structures and Right-Wing Extremist Party Success" European Journal of Political Research (45): 419-443
- Betz, Hans-Georg and Stefan Immerfall, eds. 1998. Neo-Populist Parties and Establishments of Democracy . New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-wing Populism in Western Europe . New York: St. Martins Press.
- Durham, Martin (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism . Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.
- Durham, Martin (2002). “From Imperium to the Internet: The National Alliance and the American Extreme Right” Patterns of Prejudice 36 (3), (July): 50-61.
- Hainsworth, Paul (2000). The Margins to the Mainstream . London: Pinter.
- Schoenbaum, David. Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany ,. ISBN
- Formisano, Ronald P. Interpreting Right-Wing or Reactionary Neo-Populism: A Critique (Eng.) // Journal of Policy History : journal. - 2005. - Vol. 17 , no. 2 - P. 241-255 . - DOI : 10.1353 / jph 2005.0010 .
- Radical conservatism: Robert Brent Toplin., 2006
- Göran Dahl. 1999
- Fascists and conservatives in the twentieth-century Europe / Martin Blinkhorn., 1990
- Rothledge companion to fascism and the far right / Peter Davies., 2002
- Daniel Levitas. 2002
- Right-wing populism in America: too close for comfort / Chip Berlet & Matthew N. Lyons, 2000
- Extreme risk: Aurel Braun ., 1997
- European democracies / Michelle Hale Williams. 2006
- Right-wing extremism in the twenty-first century / Peter Merkl., 2003
- Extreme right parties in Western Europe / Piero Ignazi., 2003
- The United States and right wing dictatorships, 1965–1989 / David Schmitz., 2006
- The emergence of a Euro-American radical right / Jeffrey Kaplan., 1998
- The margins to the mainstream / Paul Hainsworth., 2000
- The revival of the right wing extremism in the nineties / Peter Merkl., 1997
- Western Europe / Martin Schain. 2002
- Western Democracies and Roger Eatwell. 2004
- The voice of modern hatred: Nicholas Fraser., 2000
- Extreme right activists in Europe: through the glass / Bert Klandermans., 2006
- Of the far right / Angus Roxburgh. 2002
- Movements of exclusion: Jones Rydgren.
Links
- Extreme Right Electoral Group (EREPS)
- The Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe
- The Far-Right Fringe - slideshow by The Nation