Pomors

From the 16th century, another local term, Pomors, was witnessed in historical documents. He designated the population living on the Pomeranian coast of the White Sea from the r. Onega to Kemi ^[1] , and engaged in fishing on Murman , the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula . In the course of time, villages whose inhabitants were exclusively engaged in marine industry also appeared on the Summer and Winter shores of the White Sea.

From the end of the XVII century in the Russian North , which in the Moscow state until the XIX century bore the name of Pomerania and included the Pomeranian cities (cities of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Olonets gubernias), members of the communities of the so-called Pomors consent ^[5] , currents began to be called Pomorians " bezopovtsev "in the Old Believers, formed during the split of the Russian Orthodox Church. Perhaps, in connection with this circumstance, a new term for the Pomors instead of the old one became widespread - the Pomorians , to designate the same group of Russian and Finno-Ugric population.

There is reason to believe that the emergence of the terms “Pomeranians” and “Pomors” is closely related to Murmansk fisheries. Written sources of local origin of the second half of the 18th and 19th centuries indicate that the inhabitants of the Pomeranian coast from Onega to Kemi inclusive, some villages of the Karelian coast , the Summer and Winter coasts , which were involved in the risky ocean fish industry and the beast, were called pomors ^[6] .

However, such a restriction of the extension of the term “Pomors” cannot be considered true, since the “Pomeranians” by M.V. Lomonosov in the XVIII century called the population of the Northern Dvina, Arkhangelsk and other "Pomeranian places":

". ... Above the proper number of sailors and soldiers to take on each ship about 10 people the best hunkers from the city of Arkhangelsky, from Mezen and from other Pomeranian places (here we see that under Lomonosov Mezen was definitely a Pomeranian place, which disproves the opinions of those who offer count Pomorie only Pomorsky (West) coast of the White Sea. ("The Arkhangelsk North in documents of history". Chrestomathy. Arkhangelsk, 2004, p. 175).

“By taking Ermakom of the Siberian kingdom and in many increments to the east of the Russian State, made more private searches than state forces (Lomonosov indicates that it was not the state, but the civilian population mastered Siberia ), where the Cossacks remained and multiplied after the winner in Siberia, but Pomeranians also from the Dvina and from other places, near the White Sea , the main thing is to have a part ”(here Lomonosov clearly indicates that the inhabitants of Dvina and other places in the White Sea were also Pomor inhabitants). (Arkhangelsk North in the documents of history. Reader. Arkhangelsk 2004, p. 174).

Fisheries of the Archangelites

Historically, fisheries for the population of the Arkhangelsk North included:

• Ocean fisheries of cod , pollock and halibut on Murman - the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula;
• The White Sea herring fishery produced in the Kandalaksha, Onega, Una and Dvina bays, as well as fowling and flounder along the shores of the White Sea;
• Salmon fishery produced by the rivers flowing into the White Sea and the North Ocean, as well as along the sea coast of the White Sea, near the mouth of the rivers flowing into it;
• The lake and river fisheries of whitefish, burbot, pike and other freshwater fish species ^[7] .

The publisher of the journal “Vestnik Severa”, Ivan Alekseevich Shergin (1866–1930), the author of numerous books of short stories and essays about the northern region, described the fishery of the Archangelsk city residents:

Fisheries are divided into freshwater and marine (cod) on Murman. The latter constitutes the subject of the outlying fishery of the coast-dwellers of Kemsky and part of the Onega districts, which migrate annually to Murman. In addition to the aforementioned industrialists of the Pomors, the local inhabitants of the Aleksandrovsky district are also involved in the Murmansk marine industry, but their number is not large. So, in 1906, there were 126 vessels with 400 catchers, whereas in total, there were 993 vessels with 3.446 catchers in the field. And now, the navigation is just opening, as immediately the steamers of the Murmansk Partnership depart from Arkhangelsk and, having taken the coast from the White Sea coast, follow to Murman, where they are engaged in catching cod, havingdock and halibut during the summer. In the middle of August, the steamships of the partnership go around the campsites on Murman and, loading their fisheries, rush to the Margaritinsky fair in Arkhangelsk ^[8] .

- I. A. Shergin

The Arkhangelsk Governor (in 1893–1901) and the practicing scientist A.P. Engelhardt left the following description of the sea industry on Murman:

From the Arkhangelsk, Onega and Kama districts, up to 3,000 industrialists usually arrive in Murman every year; most of them leave at the beginning of March on foot through Kandalaksha and Raz Navolok to Kola, from where the steamer of the Arkhangelsk-Murmansk Shipping Company, wintering in Ekaterininskaya harbor, delivers them to the camps. ... The main subject of fishing on Murman is cod. In addition to cod, it is caught, in a relatively smaller amount, halibut, haddock, pollock, catfish, flounder, sea bass and sea bury .... Single men catch cod with a bait consisting of flagella in 180 soot. At the end of which a hook with bait is attached ; ... Pomors do not like to fish with a fishing rod, but they catch it in a longline. A longline is a length of several versts and consists of a rope of thickness into the little finger, to which are attached thin strings 1.5–2 yards long, at a distance of one sag from each other; hooks are attached to the free end of these cakes ... The length of the large circle reaches 4000 sazhen; usually 5,000 hooks are attached to it. The longline sinks to the seabed and lies in the water for about six hours, after which it is gradually pulled out and the fish caught from the hooks ^[9] .

- A.P. Engelhardt

Already in our time, the sociologist Yu. M. Plyusnin conducted in 1995–2001 a survey of the rural population of the coastal part of the White Sea coast, the legendary Pomeranian shores. He revealed and described the following fact. In 5 of the Pomeranian fishing collective farms surveyed by him there were 13 medium fishing seiners . But no more than 10 collective farmers out of almost 400 people in their teams worked in teams. The rest of the crew was recruited in Estonia and Ukraine:

The reasons for the reluctance to go into the sea are called the most different, but for all there is one circumstance: against the background of unprofitable livestock and crop production, sea fishing is profitable and allows the collective farm to support all its workers, regardless of their real contribution. This small salary, on which members of a collective farm live, acts as a form of assistance, thanks to which they still have enough time for their farms (plus hunting, fishing, collecting and renting algae, and other time-consuming, unhurried and often pleasant ) and corresponding to the needs of leisure, which consists in regular and prolonged drunkenness (while dry law was introduced on the courts) ... The psychology of the rentier was formed, which at the level of everyday consciousness was fairly quickly established, was an ideological justification in the current environment as a mechanism situational valuable starts successfully displace the old social and psychological life support mechanisms ^[4] .

- Yu. M. Plyusnin

Currently, there is no single point of view on the concept of "Pomors". There are a number of main approaches that differ from each other:

• Pomors are a group of people of a non-ethnic nature associated with a similar lifestyle and type of economic activity;
• Pomors are the indigenous people of the North;
• Pomors is a regional, local and ethnically neutral name of the Russian population living in the Arkhangelsk North;
• Pomory is an ethnographic group of the Russian old-time population living along the shores of the White Sea;
• Pomors is a Russian subethnos living on the White Sea coast;

Language and Culture of Speech

The spoken language of Pomors is the Pomor dialect of the Russian language . The characteristic features of Pomeranian dialect are:

• The length and length of vowels in phonetics, characteristic of the part of the Finno-Ugric languages.
• a large number of words inherited from the ancient Russian language (its Novgorod dialect).
• the presence of numerous tumors, in particular those related to the natural conditions and economic activities of the coast-dwellers, as well as linguistic borrowings from the ancient Baltic, Finno-Ugric and Scandinavian languages ​​in the vocabulary.
• some features in the creation of verb forms, selective application of the aorist .

Territorial groups of Pomorians

• Pomors proper: the population of the Pomeranian , Summer and parts of the Karelian coast of the White Sea ; distinguish themselves from the population of the Kandalaksha Bay (calling them pyakka ) and Tersky Shore (calling them Rokans )
• ruins or as they are called by other Pomors - pyakka
• Terchans or as other Pomors call them Rokans
• Ust-tanks and pustozero on Pechora ^[10]
• Canins of Pomors : a small isolated group; 7 people at the time of the 2002 census called themselves the Canins of Pomors ^[11] .

Religion

The main religion of the coast is the Orthodoxy of both the new ( Russian Orthodox Church ) and the old ( Old Orthodox Pomeranian Church ) rites.

In 2010, the field expedition of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology . N.N. Miklukho-Maklay of the Russian Academy of Sciences investigated the religiosity of modern Pomorians ^[12] .

In 2012, the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation decided to liquidate the White Sea territorial neighboring community “Pomory”, which was registered in 2005 ^[13] . The motive of elimination - the Pomors do not belong to the indigenous peoples ^[13] . Pomeranian activist Ivan Moseev was convicted on charges of publishing a response comment in 2012 against threats to the ethnographic group of coast-dwellers on the Echo of the North website, which called for the Pomors to be sent to the wall: “What will you do with us? You are millions of cattle, we are two thousand people. " This answer was used by the FSB investigator to accuse Moseev of Part 1 of Art. 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to insult a group of persons on the basis of nationality “Russians”. Despite the fact that the word “Russians” was not mentioned in this phrase, the very fact of the appearance of such a comment gave the judicial authorities a reason to begin the prosecution of the defender of the rights of the Pomorians. At the same time, a direct appeal to shoot the coast-dwellers, to which the said answer was given, was ignored by the investigation and the court. As a result, Ivan Moseev was sentenced to a fine of 100 thousand rubles, dismissed from the post of director of the Pomor Institute of Indigenous and Minority Nations NArFU, after which the institute was liquidated ^[13] .

Pomeranian Tales

A significant mutual influence on the fairy-tale tradition of Pomorye was exerted by the culture of neighboring peoples. The most beloved in Pomorie are long fairy tales of an adventure character, in which the action is connected with the sea. Usually the main character of such tales is a poor man. No less common are fairy tales with the main female character. Along with a man, she shares all the trials and turns out to be his wonderful assistant. In a number of fairy tales, she is an innocent victim of an insidious enemy ^[14] .

Pomeranian culture is reflected in the works of S. Pisakhov and B. V. Shergin . In the 80s, based on the works of Pisakhov and Shergin , the famous cartoon series “ Laughter and sorrow at the Bela of the Sea ” was shot on “ Soyuzmultfilm ”. Also, some elements of the Pomor culture and life can be found in the works of Yuri Kazakov .

During the 2002 All-Russian Census, 6,571 people called themselves Pomors (6,295 of them live in the Arkhangelsk Region (among them, in particular, the Governor of the Arkhangelsk Region Anatoly Efremov ^[15] ), in the Murmansk Region 127 ^[16] .

According to the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, the number of people who identified themselves as Pomors for the 8 years has decreased by half and amounted to 3113 people (including 2015 in the Arkhangelsk region).

• Museum of history, culture and life of Terek coast
• Pomeranian trade
• Roe
• Belk craft

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