Efreitor (from the German Gefreiter - “exempted (from some outfits)”) [1] - a military rank assigned to trained military personnel of ordinary composition for military distinctions.
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Corporal, if necessary, may temporarily act as commander of the department [2] . The rank of corporal appeared in Germany in the 16th century ; then assigned in Austria and Switzerland [3] [4] [5] . They were selected from experienced and reliable soldiers to divorce sentries , escort the arrested and perform other duties that required trusted people [2] [6] [7] [8] [9] .
| Junior military rank: Private |  Corporal | Senior military rank: Lance Sergeant |
Russia
Imperial period
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In Russia, the rank of corporal was introduced under Peter I by the military charter of 1716 in the infantry , cavalry and engineer troops . However, the rank did not take root and at least from 1722 it was no longer used.
During the reign of Paul I , a rank similar to that of ordinary senior salary was introduced, which after the accession of Alexander I was preserved only for the guard , as an element of encouragement.
Reintroduced during the military reform of 1826. In artillery of the Russian army, the corporal corresponded with a scorer , and in irregular troops ( Cossack troops ) - correspondent.
With a shortage of junior non-commissioned officers, corporals were appointed commanders of the squads (two in each platoon ).
At the beginning of the 20th century, the rank of corporal was present in the armies of the Russian Empire , Germany , Austria-Hungary and other states.
USSR and Russian Federation
Since February 1918 , in Soviet Russia , all "old-regime" titles, including the corporal, as well as the word "soldier" itself, were abandoned as "counter-revolutionary" [10] .
The rank of corporal was restored in the Red Army of the USSR in 1940. Appropriated for exemplary performance of official duties and exemplary military discipline. It is designated by one tag on shoulder straps . In the armed forces of the USSR (and then the Russian Federation), the corporal is a military rank above the rank- and- file and below the junior sergeant ; refers to the rank and file. In the event of a shortage of non-commissioned officers arriving from training units, the practice of appointing corporal officers from among senior servicemen to the post of unit commanders and crews was practiced.
In the Navy, this rank corresponds to the naval rank of the senior sailor .
In the full-time structure of the units, the rank of corporal was assigned to military servicemen assigned to the following posts :
- Senior shooter / Senior shooter-grenade launcher / Senior shooter-machine gunner / Senior shooter-sniper - position in the Airborne Forces , marines , motorized rifle troops , border and internal troops . He is the direct assistant to the squad leader .
- Senior driver / Senior driver-mechanic - a position in the combat and logistics support units.
- Senior counselor for service dogs - position in the border troops .
- Senior radiotelephone operator - position in the communications forces
- Gunner-operator - a position in the tank forces .
- Gunner - a position in artillery .
- Senior chemist / Senior flamethrower - a post in the units of the chemical forces of the USSR Armed Forces and the armies of the Russian Army Chemical Base .
- Senior operator of a scientific company - a position in the departments of scientific companies of the Armed Forces of Russia.
Germany
In the German Armed Forces, corporals are a separate full-time category of military personnel , as a rule, they include contract military personnel and junior specialists.
Insignia
Lance of corporal in RIA until 1917 Lapel badge of corporal Red Army
(1940-1943)Bbc ...
(1940-1943)Epaulette of the Air Force Corporal of the USSR Air Force (1943-1955) Epaulette of the corporal of motorized rifle troops of the Soviet Army of the USSR Armed Forces
Epaulette of corporal of the Air Force, air defense, airborne forces of the Soviet Army of the USSR Armed Forces
Epaulette of NNA GDR
Stitched shoulder strap to the everyday uniform of a cadet- corporal in the Air Force, airborne troops of the Armed Forces of Russia (1994-2010)
Removable shoulder strap on the shirt (ceremonial) of the corporal of the Russian Armed Forces in Forces of the Russian Armed Forces ( 1994-2010 )
Stitched epaulet on field uniform of corporal of the Armed Forces of Russia ( 1994—2010 )
Bundeswehr Corporal shoulder strap on field uniform
Corporal distinction mark, Austria
German Air Force Corporal Epaulet
See also
- The history of military ranks in Russia and the USSR
- Chief Corporal
- Senior soldier
- Senior sailor
- Order
- Bombardier
- Corporal
Notes
- ↑ Duden ; Alternative Spelling and Definition of Gefreite, in German. [one]
- ↑ 1 2 Civil War in the United States - Yokota / [under the total. ed. N.V. Ogarkova ]. - M .: Military Publishing House of the USSR Defense Ministry , 1979. - P. 317. - ( Soviet Military Encyclopedia : [in 8 vols.]; 1976-1980, vol. 3).
- ↑ Duden ; Definition of Gefreiter, in German. [2]
- ↑ Official Website (Bundeswehr): Dienstgrade und Uniformen der Bundeswehr (Service Ranks and Uniforms of the German Federal Defense Forces), in German. [3]
- ↑ Official Website (Bundeswehr): Uniformen der Bundeswehr (Uniforms of the German Federal Defense Forces); shows service ranks of the Luftwaffe (page 15-17), Heer (page 09-13) and Navy (page 19-21), in German. Archived copy (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment July 8, 2016. Archived on January 6, 2014.
- ↑ "Gefreiter" - Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste , Erste Section, AG, (Universal Encyclopaedia of the Sciences and Arts, First Section, AG), Author: Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber, Publisher: FA Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1852 , Page 471-472, in German. [four]
- ↑ Corpus Juris Militaris Des Heiliges Römisches Reich (Military Law of the Holy Roman Empire), Volume 2, Author: Johann Christian Lünig, Leipzig, 1723, in German.
- ↑ The Landsknechts, Author: Douglas Miller, Publisher: Osprey Publishing, Great Britain, 1976, ISBN 0850452589 .
- ↑ Landsknecht Soldier 1486-1560, Author: John Richards, Publisher: Osprey Publishing, Great Britain, 2002, ISBN 1841762431 .
- ↑ Revolution and civil war in Russia: 1917-1923. Encyclopedia in 4 volumes. - M .: Terra , 2008 .-- V. 4. - P. 129. - 560 p. - ( Big Encyclopedia ). - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-273-00564-8 .
Literature
- Corporal // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Corporal // Civil War in the USA - Yokota / [under the general. ed. N.V. Ogarkova ]. - M .: Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR , 1979. - ( Soviet Military Encyclopedia : [in 8 vols.]; 1976-1980, vol. 3).