Pan

In professional cinema, it is customary to distinguish three types of panning, depending on its purpose: “looking around”, “tracking” and “transfer” ^[2] . In the first case, there is a review of the rented space, designed to create its full perception. The second method is used to track a moving object, which at the same time hardly moves around the screen. “Transfer” is used to move semantic emphasis from one object to another. In some cases, this technique can be used as the figurative equivalent of an exclamation ^[3] .

In addition, there are stationary and dynamic panning. In the first case, the camera is rotated, mounted on a fixed tripod, and in the second case, the rotation is combined with the movement of the camera ^[4] . Panning is used in cinema and on television to give the image dynamism and as a method of intraframe editing . Landscape panorama is often used as an “ address plan ”. Another technique associated with panning is called "pseudo-passage" ^[5] . In this case, an object moving along a rounded path is captured by a camera with a telephoto lens mounted in the center of the circle. Thanks to this, the screen gives the impression of shooting with a camera moving parallel to the object at the same speed.

To achieve smooth panning, tripod heads with mechanical or hydraulic dampers are used ^[6] . When shooting from the shoulder or from the hands, satisfactory smoothness can be achieved only by using short-focus lenses . In professional cinema, frequent panning is considered unacceptable. An alternative to panning is shooting with a camera trolley or a Steadicam .

Permissible panning speeds for filming and video recording are calculated in such a way as to minimize the gating visible on the screen and blur the image of stationary objects ^[4] . The shift of images on adjacent frames should be comparable with the angular resolution of the view, otherwise the viewers will observe the unpleasant effect of "crushing". When calculating the speed of rotation of the camera, they proceed from the focal length of the lens, the filming frequency and the opening angle of the shutter . The empirical pattern , deduced by the associate professor of VGIK P. Nogin, determines the time in seconds required for panning at an angle of 150 °, equal to the focal length of the lens in millimeters ^[7] . There is another rule, according to which the time of complete movement of a stationary object from one border of the frame to the opposite during panning should not be less than 6-7 seconds ^[8] .

• Panscan
• Panoramic head
• Panorama

• A. D. Golovnya . The skill of the cameraman / I. N. Vladimirtseva. - M .: “Art”, 1965. - 239 p.

• Gordiychuk O.F., Pell V.G. Directory of the cameraman / N.N. Zherdetskaya. - M.,: “Art”, 1979. - 440 p.

• E.A. Iophis . Photokinotechnics / I. Yu. Shebalin. - M.,: “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1981. - S. 230, 231. - 447 p.

• Leonid Konovalov. How to understand films / Yuri Pankratov. - M .: VGIK, 2007. - S. 50-58. - 98-104 p.

• M. Yu. Malkin. Tripods and heads (rus.) // "Technique and technology of cinema": magazine. - 2008. - No. 1 . Archived on October 16, 2012.

• Dmitry Masurenkov. Optics and the visual solution of the film (Russian) // MediaVision: magazine. - 2012. - No. 9 . - S. 80-83 .

• S.E. Medynsky. Creative reception of the cameraman // We compose a motion picture / V. S. Bogatova. - M .: "Art", 1992. - S. 147—192. - 239 p. - ISBN 5-210-00236-5 .