East Apache

According to the Harry Hoyer classification, the subgroup includes two languages:

• chicarilla
• lipan

Heuer singled out the eastern branch of the Apache languages ​​on the basis of the presence of the transition of the Pra-Apach sounds [t] and [* k] to [k]. On this basis, the language of the Kiowa-Apaches mistakenly got into the eastern branch, but later Hoyer changed the point of view, since there was no transition to Kiowa-Apache * k̯ / * c. Thus, some of the basics, starting in the Pra-Awaca language with the sound [* k̯], begin with ch-in Kiowa-Apache, but at ts- in East-Apache languages.

	Western				Oriental '
	Navajo	Oriental apache	Chirikahua	Mescalero	Hicarilla	Lipan	Kayova apache
"water"	tó	tū	tú	tú	kó	kó	kóó
"the fire"	kǫʼ	kǫʼ	kųų	kų	ko̱ʼ	kǫǫʼ	kǫʼ

Right- atabaska		Navajo	Chirikahua	Mescalero	Hicarilla	Kayova apache
* k̯aʔx̣ʷ	"big"	-tsaa	-tsaa	-tsaa	-tsaa	-cha

Spread

East Apache languages ​​are common in New Mexico , in the reserves of Hikarilla and Meskalero ( Lipans live in this area) and Texas.

Perspectives

The East Apache languages ​​are under threat of extinction: according to the data of 1990, 812 native speakers of Chikarilla were registered, Lipan was declared extinct ^[1] (although it is claimed that this is not the case ^[2] ).

Like other Apache languages, the languages ​​of the eastern branch are:

• by type of expression of grammatical values: polysynthetic :

  da- `į- i- sh- hash (Hikarilla)
 EMF-NEOPR.OB-ASP-1ED.SUB- sleep
 I have to sleep.
 I need to sleep.

• by type of morphological structure: fusional :

  yił-naasdee (hikarilla)
 3SUB.3OB-go around

 yeemándeenłees
 3SUB.3OB.3BEN-lower

 yina'iiszo
 3SUB.3OB-round out

• nominative order :

Agens intransitive verb:

  dááko bí-'a dághe'iikaas-na
 Then 3-PART 3SUB.bezh-NARR
 Then he ran in.

Subject

  łį yiłnaasdee (hikarilla)
 horse 3SUB.3OB-go around
 He (a) rode a horse.

An object

  łį yiłnaasdee (hikarilla)
 horse 3SUB.3OB-go around
 He (a) rode a horse.

• with vertex marking :

in the prediction:

  łį yiłnaasdee (hikarilla)
 horse 3SUB.3OB-go around
 He (a) rode a horse.

in nominal group:

  dide mi- kee
 man 3OB leg
 human foot

• with the basic word order SOV :

  Įįs'ádą Higalííya Abáachi ke'dzidéé nádailka (hikarilla)
 long Hikarilla Apache mocasin 3MH-sew
 A long time ago, the Apache Hikarilya made moccasins.

According to their typological characteristics, the East-Papa languages ​​are close to other Apache languages.

Subgroup languages ​​have a developed system of phonemes: there are 34 consonants and 16 vowel sounds in chikarilla.

Consonants

• The sound developed in / d / chikarilla corresponds to the sounds of / n / and / ⁿd / in other Apache languages ​​(for example, Navajo and Chirikahua ).

Vowels

All vowels have a pair of

• nasality
• longitude

• Gatschet, Albert S. [1884]. Lipan words, phrases, and sentences. (Unpublished manuscript No. 81, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
• Gatschet, Albert S. [1885]. Lipan words, clans, and stories. (Unpublished manuscript No. 114, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution).
• Goddard, Pliny E. [1906]. Lipan texts. (Unpublished manuscript in Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington.)
• Goddard, Pliny E. (1911). Jicarilla Apache texts. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 8). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
• Hoijer, Harry. (nd). Lipan texts. (Available from the American Philosophical Society, Chicago.) (Unpublished field notes, includes texts, 4 texts, 4 texts, published as Hoijer 1975).
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• Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193-203.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1-13.
• Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51-59.
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• Hoijer, Harry. (1975). By Augustina Zuazua. Linguistics: An international review, 161, 5-37.
• Jung, Dagmar. (2000). "Word Order in Apache Narratives." In The Athabaskan Languages. (Eds. Fernald, Theodore and Platero, Paul). Oxford: Oxford UP. 92-100.
• Jung, Dagmar. (2002). "Clause combining in Apache" In Problems of polysynthesis (Eds. N. Evans, H.-J. Sasse). Berlin: Akad, p. 167-183.
• Opler, Morris E. (1936). The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes. American Anthropologist, 38, 620-633.
• Opler, Morris. (1941). A Jicarilla expedition and scalp dance. (Narrated by Alasco Tisnado).
• Opler, Morris. (1942). Myths and tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians.
• Opler, Morris. (1947). Jicarilla Apache tribal endogamy.
• Webster, Anthony. (1999). "Lisandro Mendez's 'Coyote and Deer': On narrative structures, reciprocity, and interactions." American Indian Quarterly. 23 (1): 1-24.