Kalinovka (city)

Kalinovka was founded in the first half of the 18th century ^[2] . Historical sources indicate that this name comes from the surname of the Polish magnate Kalinovsky, who seized the land and enslaved the peasants.

In 1774, there were 44 courtyards in which 143 people lived. Although the settlement was small, the gentlemen opened a brewery, distillery, mills, which gave them considerable profit.

Kalinovka developed slowly. After a hundred years, it became 145 yards with a population of 1138 people.

Since 1796 - as part of the Vinnitsa district of Podolsk province ^[3] .

XIX century

Low land peasants and landlord oppression were the cause of repeated anti-feudal protests by residents of Kalinovka and surrounding villages. This struggle became especially acute in the first half of the 19th century , when it was headed by Ustim Karmelyuk . His units were based near Kalinovka, in the Black Forest ^[2] . Kalinovites strongly supported the rebels who participated in the attacks on the landlords' estates, hid them from persecution. Ustim Karmelyuk himself has been to Kalinovka more than once, he used the caches of Kalinov citizens. In 1828, Kalinovsky peasant K. Drevitsky was brought to trial for concealing Ustim Karmalyuk.

In the 1860s , the Kalinov estate, which owned 2660 acres of land, of which 1540 in Kalinovka, was captured by the German L. Valkov. He kept the best lands for himself and gave only 664 tithes for redemption to the peasants. The vast majority of peasants had neither cattle nor cows and could not make ends meet. To find a job, many of them went to factories, factories, railways. In 1871, the construction of the Kiev-Odessa railway , which ran through Kalinovka, was completed. This was of great importance for expanding its ties with other areas. For a short time Kalinovka was upset and was classified as small towns . In the late 1870s, enterprises appeared here, including sugar and distilleries.

Crafts also developed. In the 1880s, there were about 20 different crafts. Along with industry, trade also grew in Kalinovka. There were 27 shops in the town; four times a year fairs were held here.

The culture in the post-reform Kalinovka was very low. Almost all of its inhabitants were illiterate. Only in 1885 the first church-parish school was opened here at the church parish, and in 1902 the ministerial two-year school was opened, which was kept near the house of the volost administration, but after that, most teenagers remained out of school.

At the end of the XIX century, the population of Kalinovka exceeded 1600 people. A significant part of the inhabitants worked at sugar and distilleries, the railroad, was engaged in crafts, went to work in other provinces.

Early 20th Century

In 1903, a strike of workers took place in the town. In 1906, riots broke out in the Kalinovka volost, and in Kalinovka the townspeople burned down the landowner estate.

During the revolutionary events of 1905-1907, the inhabitants of Kalinovka, together with the peasants of neighboring villages, took part in a strike at the estate of the landowner Olshevsky. To suppress the strike, a squadron of dragoons was sent to the estate. Despite this, the strikers achieved an increase in wages from 20 kopecks to 50 kopecks per day. To prevent the spread of the strike, another 3 squadrons of dragoons arrived in the villages of Kalinovskaya and Pikovskaya volosts. But this did not help either. Riots arose in different villages. On the night of October 30, 1906, residents burned down a landowner estate. The barns' stables, oxen, cowsheds, pigsties, and a stack of bread in the fields burned down. To suppress the riots, a punitive detachment shot several participants in the revolutionary demonstrations in Kalinovka.

At the beginning of World War I in Kalinovka, wages at sugar and distilleries were low. Most peasant families did not have draft livestock and were unable to process their land allotments in time. A lot of land in these years has remained sown. Soldier families vegetated.

After the February Revolution, many residents of Kalinovka were actively involved in political life.

During the October Revolution and Civil War

The news of the creation of the Central Rada on March 4, 1917, was enthusiastically received by the population of Kalinovka: rallies were held in Kalinovka in support of the pro-Ukrainian authority, the main requirement of which was the early declaration of the autonomy of the Ukrainian Republic, as well as the solution of a rather problematic land issue. Already in April 1917 in Kalinovka, local authorities were formed that were directly subordinate to the Central Rada.

In January 1918, the power of the Soviets was proclaimed. ^[2] At a rural gathering in late January, residents of the villages of Kalinovskaya volost approved decrees on peace and land and the manifesto of the CEC of Ukraine on the creation of the Ukrainian Soviet government, approved the volost revolutionary committee (chairman T.M. Tilyuk) and instructed him to distribute landowner land and property. As a result of this distribution, two-thirds of all peasant households in Kalinovka received 1,600 acres of land, 150 oxen, 150 horses, 100 cows, more than 6 thousand pounds of grain seeds.

In early March 1918, the Austro-German troops captured Kalinovka. The occupiers and local authorities obliged the population to pay the tax for 1916-1918, to return land and property to the landowners. The difficult days of occupation and landlord arbitrariness came. Kalinovites did not want to fulfill the will of the invaders. Land and property were not returned to the landlords; taxes were not paid. Then, in early April 1918, punitive detachments broke into Kalinovka. All the people who did not have time to hide were driven into the square and massacred. The executioners were called Bolsheviks and demanded the extradition of members of the revolutionary committee. Then they imposed indemnities, took the hostages and left for Vinnitsa, warning the residents: if they did not pay taxes and indemnities, did not return the property, then the hostages would be shot. But even after that the Kalinovtsy did not submit, continued to resist. The land distributed by the landlord was sown, the crops were harvested, and the invaders and their representatives were not given bread. The invaders, frightened by the growth of hatred among the population, were forced to free the hostages. Kalinovka was released on March 16, 1919.

In Kalinovka, a peaceful life began to improve. Revolution resumed its work, on April 10 a volost congress of Soviets took place, at which the representative of the Vinnitsa Council and the Bolshevik Committee A. Pervin made a report on the situation in the country, on the laws and measures of the Soviet government and on the next tasks of the volost Council.

On the shoulders of the newly elected Volunteer Executive Committee lay urgent concerns about how to sow the land faster and better, organize the implementation of the surplus appraisal, provide bread for the widows and orphans of the dead front-line soldiers.

In the summer of 1919, Petlyura’s troops fought with the Vinnitsa Communist Battalion, which defended the approaches to Kazatin , which concentrated a lot of military equipment. In Kalinovka, between the Vinnitsa battalion and the Petliurites, who managed to occupy the railway station, a fierce battle ensued, which lasts more than three days. Most of the soldiers died. Only a small part broke through the front.

Members of the Kalinovsky Revolutionary Committee and the Executive Committee went underground. Five months later, on January 2, 1920, units of the Red Army captured Kalinovka. Kalinovsky Revolutionary Committee and Volunteer Executive Committee resumed their activities. At a village gathering, residents elected a village council. The Revolutionary Committee and the village council helped the poor cultivate the land, procured bread and other products for the Red Army. But a new campaign of the Entente interrupted peaceful construction. Enemies, this time White Poles, again broke into the city. But less than two months later, and parts of the 14th Army on June 20, 1920 liberated Kalinovka.

1920s — 1930s

After the civil war, the restoration of enterprises and agriculture of the Kalinovites had to start in very difficult conditions. The equipment of the sugar and distilleries during the war years failed. The number of livestock was halved. The land had to be cultivated with great difficulties, the harvests were meager. In general, as throughout Ukraine, there was a deep crisis in Kalinovka, the reasons for which were:

1. Economic disruption. It was caused, on the one hand, by the fact that long military operations (almost continuously for 7 years) destroyed the material and technical base of industry, worsened its staffing; on the other, the military-communist policy to a large extent led to a disorganization of economic relations. The situation in agriculture was not the best. The disinterest of the peasants, due to the policy of war communism, insufficient supply of equipment and draft power led to a reduction in sown areas.
2. Political instability caused by the dissatisfaction of the peasants with the surplus appraisal. Requisitions and the prohibition of trade caused a particularly acute rejection, so the expansion was carried out with great tension. It became increasingly difficult to take the bread from the peasants. For this, they began to use the detachments of the Red Army of the Ukrainian reserve army, but everything rested on the armed actions of the peasants.
3. Hunger. Of the two waves of hunger that swept Ukraine in 1921-1923, the first was largely due to the excessive export of bread to the starving Volga region and industrial centers of Russia, primarily Moscow and Petrograd, and the second - the export of Ukrainian grain.

Collectivization

In 1923, the Kalinovsky District was formed, the administrative center of which was Kalinovka.

During collectivization in Kalinovka, by the end of 1930, two collective farms were formed.

In the 1930s, 2 secondary schools, a cinema, the House of Culture, a clinic were opened in Kalinovka, the library expanded.

October 22, 1938 the village Kalinovka was assigned to the category of urban-type settlements (urban settlement).

World War II

In the early days of World War II, more than 1,200 people from the village went to the front. Among the volunteers were 12 women. More than 200 people signed up for the fighter battalion.

August 22, 1941 Kalinovka was occupied by Nazi troops ^[2] . In the center of the village, the Nazis set up a ghetto on Dzerzhinsky Street, and a prisoner of war camp on the outskirts. And there were people who, despite the risk and threat of death, hid the Jews, saved them from the Nazis. The front was approaching the village. Under the threat of execution, people were forbidden to go beyond it, under the escort they drove people to work. Everyone who was sick, exhausted and could not stand on their feet, every morning picked up a special van and took them out for execution in the hollow between Kalinovka and Pavlovka . During the year, no more than a hundred people survived from several thousand slaves in this camp. On the night of June 30, 1942, the Nazis executed over 700 Jews.

An underground group in Kalinovka was organized by M.P. Arkhipovich. From the first days of the war he was in the ranks of the Red Army as deputy company commander. Wounded near Poltava, was surrounded. He managed to break free and get to Kalinovka. At the end of 1941, he created an underground group. The participants in this group were the young avengers V. Klimenko, I. Mazur, V. Murzhinsky and others - a total of 27 people.

On May 19, 1942, the first meeting of the underground Komsomol district committee was held in Kalinovka, at which the composition of the detachment was approved. M.P. Arkhipovich was appointed commissar, and commander V.I. Dyunov. At the same time, a second clandestine group was formed at the Kalinovka railway station, led by a Red Army officer, N. I. Barilov. It was composed of two brothers D. A. and G. A. Blokhin, A. Belov, L. Tolstikhin, a teacher M. D. Polyanchuk and other residents of the village. Most of them escaped from the encirclement and escaped from concentration camps, settled down at the railway station as loaders and other jobs. In their leaflets, the underground members covered the course of the fighting on the fronts, printed the reports of the Sovinformburo, exposed the crimes and propaganda of the Nazis. The leaflets urged the population to resist the invaders, disrupt field work, not give the Nazis food, sabotage their orders.

In June 1942, in Kalinovka, in the house of N. D. Polyanchuk, a meeting of the leaders of the underground groups Kalinovka, Pavlovka, Odinogo, Kurava was held, at which it was decided to unite in the Kalinovskaya underground organization and create a single partisan detachment. V.M. Mesarosh was appointed commander.
Soon, in the village, the fascist signalmen’s barracks and radio station burned down, and a fuel depot at the airport. At the railway station, 7 wagons of bread were destroyed one night. Fascist officers, policemen, and elders began to disappear. People sabotaged field work in every way. At least a third of the land has remained un sown. And in the summer, a good half of the harvest did not go to the invaders: the collective farmers, on the advice of the underground, took it home at night and hid it.

The working conditions of the underground were too difficult. The whole neighborhood was teeming with Gestapo and SS men. At the end of 1942, the Gestapo attacked the trail of the underground.

Failures began. At the beginning of 1943, the Gestapo officers seized D.O. Blokhin with leaflets and shot them after torture. G. Belov and others were arrested. But they sawed up the prison bars and escaped from the claws of the executioners. From the Pavlovsk group they captured and tortured K.V. Volynets and his 12-year-old son Lesik. On the night of March 5, 1943, M.P. Arkhipovich was tracked down in the village of Kotyuzhintsi. They broke into the apartment of a local teacher, where he was hiding. In the fight against the Nazis, he died. In total, the Nazis seized and tortured 23 underground workers in those days.

Many groups of the underground organization, most of the Kalinov avengers, in the spring of 1943 relocated to the Black Forest. Together with them was L. L. Volynets, a partisan mother.

In the spring of 1943 V.M. Mesarosh left for another district. The command of the detachment was taken by P. T. Kugai. P.K. Volynets became the commissar. By their actions, the detachment more and more terrified the Nazis. The police chief in Vinnitsa reported that around the “Werewolf” in those villages where there is no police, for 6 weeks now the elders have been sleeping not in their homes, but in haystacks; that the actions of underground organizations and partisans cannot be stopped by either the German military or political forces. And the head of the secret police wrote that from December 1941 to September 1943, 1360 incidents were recorded in this area.

The news of the actions of the partisans quickly spread through all the villages of Kalinovsky and the surrounding areas. More people were leaving for the Black Forest. K. Yu. Gumenchuk, whom the underground sent to work in the Kalinovsky prisoner of war camp, arranged shoots of prisoners and sent them to the detachment. A few months later, in its units there were already about 800 people. The command was taken by A. S. Michkovsky, the commissar was D. D. Sadovnik (Vasiliev). By the fall of 1943, the detachment had grown and turned into a partisan unit, uniting about 1,400 partisans .

In the ranks of the Red Army on various fronts of the Great Patriotic War, hundreds of Kalinovites selflessly fought the enemy. Senior Lieutenant N.F. Stepova became a Hero of the Soviet Union. His name was assigned to Kalinovskaya Secondary School No. 1, where he studied. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was also awarded to S.V. Antonyuk for forcing the Oder and mastering the bridgehead. A total of 620 inhabitants were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union for feats on the fronts. In the battles for the independence of the Fatherland, the death of the brave on the fronts of 548 residents of the village was killed.

Kalinovka was liberated from part of the 74th Rifle Corps on March 14, 1944.

The invaders destroyed it to the ground. The railway station and railway, distillery, mechanical repair shops, MTS, all public buildings of collective farms, school premises and many institutions were disabled, and property of collective farms and collective farmers was looted. On the collective farms of the village there were no cars, no horses, no livestock and equipment. MTS did not have a tractor.

In the spring of 1944, nearly 70% of collective farm land was sown in Kalinovka with hard efforts.

In the first months after the occupation, residents rebuilt schools and a hospital. Educational institutions, libraries, clubs, a cinema, a post and telegraph office, shops, and regional institutions have resumed their work. For several months, Kalinovskie railroad workers cleared the station’s territory, renewed the track and ensured uninterrupted train traffic.

After the war

In 1950, machine operators repaired some of the broken MTS tractors and the inhabitants had already cultivated all the land, but the difficulties of reviving the economy were great. True, cars, mineral fertilizers, high-quality seeds, and a cash loan came from the state every year.

In December 1950, three collective farms merged into one. Председателем избрали И. И. Дыминского, секретарем парторганизации — учительницу Д. Гослинскую. За два года хозяйство достигло довоенных урожаев.

В следующие годы в Калиновке произошли немалые изменения в хозяйственной, культурной и общественной жизни.

В 1978 году численность населения составляла 16,1 тыс. человек, здесь действовали машиностроительный завод , ремонтно-механический завод, ремонтный завод, экспериментальный завод древесных материалов , спиртовой завод , консервный завод, тарный комбинат, швейная фабрика, райсельхозтехника, комбинат бытового обслуживания, технологический техникум, 7 общеобразовательных школ, музыкальная школа, больница, Дворец культуры, Дом культуры, 2 клуба, кинотеатр и 10 библиотек ^[2] .

В ноябре 1979 года пгт. Калиновка стал городом районного подчинения ^[4] .

В январе 1989 года численность населения составляла19 751 человек ^[5] , основой экономики в это время являлись машиностроительный и консервный заводы, деревообрабатывающие предприятия и швейная фабрика ^[6] .

Период независимости Украины

В мае 1995 года Кабинет министров Украины утвердил решение о приватизации находившихся в городе ПО "Пищемаш" ^[7] , ремонтно-механического завода, СПМК-70, райсельхозтехники и райсельхозхимии ^[8] .

В октябре 1995 года в Калиновке был размещён полк внутренних войск МВД Украины "Ягуар" .

На 1 января 2013 года численность населения составляла 19 291 человек ^[9] .

У южной границы города расположен 48-й арсенал Минобороны Украины (в/ч А1119). 26 сентября 2017 года на нём начался пожар с детонацией боеприпасов, который продолжался до 28 сентября 2017 года. Неофициально выдвигается версия преднамеренного поджога с целью сокрытия хищений. ^[10] .

Железнодорожный узел ^[6] .

• Kalinivsky іnformatsіyno-daring portal
• Kalinivska m_ska glad
• History, photos and sights of Kalinovka
• Who is who Kalynivskyi district
• Registration card