Vannovsky

The village is located 2 km from the left bank of the Kuban , 4 km southeast of the regional center - the village of Tbilisskaya .

The active resettlement of large groups of Germans from Bessarabia and the Tauride province on the left bank of the Kuban began after the end of the Caucasian War and after the end of the Crimean War of 1853-1856. The Germans were primarily attracted by the cheap and fertile land and the independence of their colonies. German colonists were mainly engaged in agriculture. First, German colonists populated Yeisk Uyezd, and then, for 2-3 decades, they settled down almost throughout the Kuban, preferring, however, its middle and upper reaches.

In 1868, the Eigenfeld colony was formed ^[1] - eight Bessarabian Germans bought 1,535 acres of land from a retired general Markozov. Over 40 German families from Bessarabia came to this territory. The next year, a new batch of Bessarabian Germans arrived. They settled west of Eigenfeld, establishing the Rosenfeld colony (now the village of Sheremetyevsk). Then the third party of Bessarabian colonists arrived, who founded the colony Alexanderfeld (Leonovskoye village). German colonists settled in the area because it corresponded to their practical considerations, due to the complete isolation of their site from the neighborhood of Russian settlements. Subsequently, the Eigenfeld parish was formed in this space, which included the three mentioned colonies, seven “savings” of private farmers and nine mixed-population farms. The Eigenfeld volost was located in the northern part of the Trans-Kuban region and stretched from east to west about 40 versts in length along the Kuban River and from north to south versts at 13.

The colony of Eigenfeld, the Kuban region of the Caucasus Division is located in the strip of private owners - owners, 4 miles from the village of Tiflisskaya ; from the north it was limited to lands with the farm of a retired colonel Tereshkevich (now the Severin farm, from the east - a plot of 500 acres of landowner Pekhovsky, from the west - a plot of the Rosenfeld colony.

Street planning, features of the construction of houses

When colonists founded the villages of Eigenfeld, Rosenfeld, Alexanderfeld, the streets were laid spacious, clean, with lots of vegetation. Hence, the courtyards of ethnic Germans were very spacious. Each colonist was given about 2,200 square fathoms of land under the estate. They were divided on the one hand by the construction of a residential building, and on the other - by the garden, since there was practically no fence. For most residents, the courtyards from the side of the street were completely enclosed or surrounded by a “three-lumen” fence, which served to protect trees and flower beds from livestock.

The houses of the colonists were built perpendicular to the street. The shape of the structure was quadrangular. The construction of a residential building was a very lengthy and painstaking undertaking. It occupied all three summer months. The houses were towed. The width of the outer walls was from 70 to 80 centimeters. All relatives participated in the construction of the house. They kneaded laid out exactly one meter in height. Then they were allowed to dry well, after which they again kneaded and brought out the walls. As construction progresses, windows were installed at a certain level. They were relatively large, which made the rooms bright and airy. After the walls had been fully pulled out, carpenters placed the wooden top of the roof and covered it with reeds or tiles. Mostly the roofs were gable.

The houses were neat, white: they were put on a facade to the street; The “clean room” (chamber) 2–3 looked at the wide street with my windows. The house (14 by 19 meters) consisted of three to four rooms and a veranda. He divided into a hallway, in which doors led directly to the kitchen, to the right - to the chamber, where the senior members of the family lived and guests were received, and to the left, where the young generation lived. Those who were richer could afford to have a special dining room. Wooden floors lay only in the upper room, in the remaining rooms the floor was adobe. An open hearth was arranged in the kitchen with a stove, and under it there was a tin or turret “umbrella”, from which an even pipe rose with a very, spacious vent (a person could slip into it freely). Inside these pipes, iron rods were hung at a certain distance from each other, on which sausages, ham, ducks, geese and smoked were hung. The furnace was made with straw or dung.

Behind a residential building, along one line with it, there were farm buildings: stables, barn, sheds with agricultural implements, barns. "Soot" for pigs, a cellar, and barns were set separately from the general building of farm buildings. Each courtyard necessarily had a wooden shed for equipment and appliances, a summer kitchen with an oven in which bread was baked, a cellar with stone steps. Inside it was very spacious. In the middle of the cellar, a hearth was piled up, tables were placed on either side, shelves were placed on the walls, and poles were hung on the ceiling, on which whole pork carcasses, smoked, cooked, salted pork, etc .; geese, ducks, other domestic animals; butter, cheese, fruit: apples, pears, plums, peaches - various dried, soaked, dried, dried (they hung on broken branches, so they kept their freshness for a very long time). In the depths of the cellar were barrels of various sorts of wine and beer. Of course, not all colonists had such plentiful cellars.

On one street there were several wells. They were built together in 6-8 yards. But in every yard there was a “pool." It was filled with rainwater in the summer, and in winter it was filled with snow. If necessary, water was also taken to the river.

At the estate there were necessarily gardens and gardens. Among fruit trees are apricots, apple trees, plums, and peaches. Be sure to plant one walnut tree. Cherries were used to make wine. Vegetables necessary for everyday consumption were planted in a small garden: onions, parsley, potatoes, lettuce, carrots, cabbage, cucumbers, pumpkins, watermelons, melons, tomatoes.

Having established a new colony, ethnic Germans planted flowers along the roads, paths, in front of the house, in the garden, and in general, where there was only a free place of land: night violets; white daffodil, wild rose, "sweet root" and especially roses.

Home furnishings, furniture, dishes, utensils

In the room (chamber) there was a variegation of the decoration of the walls and the front corner and the complete absence of icons. Pictures, bouquets of artificial flowers, family portraits of his and others' relatives, portraits of Bismarck , Luther with his wife and without his wife, his associates - students of Melachton and others, portraits of German sovereigns, princes and princes, and even drawings of their children and “multi-masters” (school teachers ), which reproduced in different colors bouquets of flowers, cherubs, lamb - this is the decoration of the two front walls of a clean German room. In the “holy corner” were the images of the Infant Christ, his Mother, portraits of Luther, Melanchthon and other Protestant teachers, portraits of the Russian Sovereign, the Sovereign and the novice of the throne, and, most important for every German, this certificate of schooling he received, he was framed under the glass, and it occupied a place of honor near Luther.

In the room was a German canopy bed, a mountain of mattresses, feather-beds, pillows. The canopy bed was so high that a special ladder or stool was made to climb onto it. As such, there were no winter blankets, but the Germans hid themselves with mattresses, of which there were a lot of them. The bedding was impeccably clean. Sheets, pillowcases, a canopy, the decoration of the bed itself were decorated with hand embroidered German women; the room could also have chairs, tables, a sofa, a chest of drawers, a cupboard. The upper part of it was necessarily under glass, where plates, soups and other dishes were symmetrically placed, with ribs on the shelf and drawings to the outside. The property of almost every German family was a sewing machine, a wall clock, a violin or some kind of wind instrument, children's toys depicting pets.

At the richer colonists, the walls of the rooms were painted with oil paint, the ceiling with blue or yellow ocher. The floor was painted with a chess pattern, there could be an organ or piano, a lot of notes and various spiritual and secular periodicals and daily publications (magazines and newspapers) from America, Germany, Odessa. Such a rich atmosphere was found only among German burghers and artisans. And the rest lived much easier, the atmosphere in the house was more modest and the floors were sprinkled with sand. In such houses, benches covered with rugs served as seats, had carved legs and decorations on the sides. The carvings of the Germans were dominated by a mostly square pattern. The clothes were put in very wonderful carved dressers. The rooms had two simple wooden beds and one folding bed.

In the kitchen there were always a few cast irons. There was even a special cast iron for the preparation of German Stundel. Each member of the family had his own wooden spoon, specially carved. The dishes for the first courses, krinks and jugs for storing milk and cream stood in a designated place in the kitchen. Wooden dishes were often made by themselves. These were all kinds of cooks, colander, gurneys, pushers, low buckets with iron handles.

Farming

The Germans of the Eigenfeld parish were engaged in cattle breeding, gardening, tillage and tobacco growing. But their main occupation was farming. Corn was also grown. Since spring, the space between Kuban and the colonial settlements has served as a pasture place for cattle. And only after removing all the crops of bread and garden vegetables in the southern part of the plot, the herds were allowed to graze and to the south, to former mowing places, to fields and vegetable gardens. Most of the colonists, minus the stripes from their common plot, where vineyards, vegetable gardens and tobacco plantations were constantly located, divided the rest of the plot into two parts, of which four sowed bread, fodder grass and melons for one year, and mowed the other . This is due to the fact that all were owners and acted with their plots at their own discretion.

The cultivation of the land for sowing cereals was carried out by two- and three-body plows of Ecker and explicators-pukorami and rush. The method of cultivating the land was ordinary. But some colonists plowed for winter sowing at the same time as sowing: at first they sowed a cornfield, and then they plowed it, plowed it. This original method of cultivating the land had its advantages and disadvantages. The field sown in this way won only in rainy autumn and spring, when the grain, plowed up to 3 points in the ground, took deep roots and abundantly fed on subsoil moisture. In addition, the bread sown in this way sat more firmly in the ground, had stems at the base 2 times thicker than usual. The lightness of the plows, tall and strong horses (the Germans did not plow with bulls), the even surface of the soil in the plots allowed the cultivation of children from 10 to 15 years old. Plowing time began on July 30, mowing in the colonies began on May 15, from June 15 to 20 they began to harvest winter wheat, then spring bread sequentially, from July 3 to 10 there was a lively transport of compressed bread to the village in the yards and threshing. All Germans of the Eigenfeld parish avoided threshing bread on threshers, especially steam ones. They had all advanced agricultural implements, but no one had threshers. Since they were prejudiced against them and did not believe in their practicality. Only those who had a lot of bread ran to the steam thresher, after which they tried to quickly sell it on the market. Colonists used horses and a stone skating rink for threshing. They cleaned their bread with a reaper, which for 3-5 yards, there were about 35 pieces worth each from 15 to 300 rubles. Therefore, bread was harvested very quickly. The main sales of bread from economy and colonies were made to the Caucasus railway station and rarely to the village of Armavir .

Mowing in Eigenfeld parish was given special attention. Two weeks before the mowing near the bridge, in a grove near General Tereshkevich, batches of mowers with and without families gathered from different parts of Russia and the Caucasus. These parties grew daily and gradually turned into a multi-thousand motley mass.

There were three conditions for hiring mowers: from the circle, from tithing and by the day. The mowing fee, for example, in 1892 was, from a circle of 8 rubles, from tithing 2 rubles 50 kopecks, by the day 75-80 kopecks. This cheapness was associated with a huge influx of people from the hungry provinces of Russia. Mowers were more willing to hire Germans and did not even bargain in price, since they did not rush to work, fed well and paid without deduction, as opposed to saving. Therefore, the Germans always quickly finished their small mowing and had time to mow their neighbors - sheep breeders, that is, to the owner, and to themselves. In winter, the Germans bought hay in economies and fed their livestock very generously. In addition to hay, they also gave him a “slice” - chopped straw mixed with fodder herbs and salt.

Eigenfeld German Rites

Christmas

The Germans of the Tbilisi region celebrated Christmas on December 25th. Preparations for this holiday went on for a month, it was called Advent. Throughout December, every week, a candle was lit on the table. And by December 25, in a designated place, beautifully decorated, four candles were burning. In the morning of this day, all the inhabitants of Rosenfeld gathered for service in the church. On this day, she was specially decorated. The plot of the Nativity of Christ was compiled in a specially designated part of the church. And when they entered the church, everyone had to approach him. In the church, men took places on the right side, women on the left. Played an organ . The service was held in one breath. On this day, there was a custom to gather all relatives in a family setting and arrange plentiful feasts with the obligatory presence of all the Kucha national pies. The celebration continued with a play on spiritual instruments and singing songs.

The Trinity Celebration - Pfingsten.

The Trinity celebrated the end of spring earlier and reflected the cult of flourishing wildlife. On this day, the girls tried to decorate the courtyards, like the rooms in the house, with clean river sand and various medicinal herbs collected. On the street, both near and in the courtyard, the tracks were neatly sprinkled with bright yellow sand. The girls had to wear it from afar. But it happened that young men brought sand, moreover, to those girls that they liked. Sometimes at one yard there were several piles of sand. Girls, having picked herbs and flowers, decorated houses outside and inside. In the rooms they were hung on the walls. Laid for portraits. Freshly prepared grass was spread on a carpet on the floor, laid out on window sills. Bouquets of flowers were placed everywhere in the house. On this day, only ceremonial food was prepared. Traditional culinary - the pinnacle of national culinary art - provided the opportunity for every housewife to show their abilities. Ritual food, taken in a joyful atmosphere, in the circle of relatives and friends, enriched the everyday life of the Germans. That night, the grooms secretly nailed to the gates of their girls the most magnificent branch of the tree, decorated with ribbons or scallops. The girls of "bad behavior" were smeared with mud at the house, and a dirty sack was hung on the gate or a straw was sent in front of the yard. On such a day, everyone could see where worthy, enviable brides live.

Wedding Rite

Personal acquaintance of young people and their sympathy for each other began long before the wedding and took place in front of everyone. Their rapprochement increased during mutual meetings, which took place mainly on Sundays and public holidays, in the afternoon, in the house of that friend, who was either engaged to someone or enjoyed special respect from others. Cavaliers had to come with their musical instruments. The fun was accompanied by dancing, songs, jokes. At such meetings, the first glimmers of love arose between young people, who mutually studying each other and soberly weighing the benefits of a marriage between themselves, decided to unite their fates with marriage. The couple in love began to gradually separate from public gatherings and more often retire. After which it was not they, but friends and girlfriends who visited them, and the young man became a frequent guest of his beloved and her parents in their house.

After some time, on one of the holidays, a young man came to the bride's parents in order to formally ask for her hands. After greeting and standing at the threshold, the future son-in-law embarrassedly started a conversation about the household and other by-products. The parents of the bride understood that at that moment he least thought about the household, but they supported the topic of the conversation, invited him to sit down or encouraged him to be frank in another way. After which the young man could boldly set forth the purpose of his visit. If the proposal was accepted, the usual meetings of relatives of both parties for ethnic Germans about marriage and the solution of many wedding issues began. If the outcome of the meetings of the senior members of the families was positive, then on the next, festive day, the young man came to his chosen one by a formal groom. The parents of the bride greeted him cordially and called him a son, but they were not in a hurry with the wedding, but gave the young people enough time to get to know each other better.

The wedding season in German villages coincided with the arrival of the pastor, which happened 2-3 times a year. The whole community was very carefully prepared for his arrival. For a short time in the community, from morning to night, the pastor was busy with the administration of church services, the funeral of the dead, the recitation of prayers over newborns, which the baptist baptized and performed various parish treasures. Preparation for the wedding began 1-2 days before the wedding and consisted primarily of inviting guests. For this purpose, two best men on a tricot decorated with ribbons went to visit all the young couple's acquaintances. To determine the number of guests, they took a specially prepared long staff. Their trip was accompanied by noise, whistling, clapping whips and gun shots. The latter was made at the very door of the visited house. The heralds were treated, sometimes they were given money. Each invitee who was obligated to come to the wedding had to tie some ribbon to the staff of the heralds. When the last of the guests attached a ribbon, there was no free space on the stick, since the staff was all “crowned” by them. From the collected ribbons, stars and artificial flowers were made to decorate horses and wedding carts, which received great attention. Stars were hung on horses' foreheads, bells on their sides, caps made of white material on ears and socks on hooves, and the whole team was decorated with artificial flowers. On the solemn day of marriage, the young first confessed and communed.

After the morning church service, relatives gathered for the bride and dressed her to the crown. Wedding dresses of the bride, groom and best men had their own characteristics. The bride was not pricked at the chest of flowers, she was not covered with a veil, but she was belted with a half-crowned, heavenly-colored belt, which, covering her waist several times, was tied with a bow on the right side and lowered to the frill of the skirt. Hair was removed with a wreath of red and white flowers, from which a wide white ribbon sometimes sank down the back to the waist. The wedding dress was blue, and the friends' dresses should have been any other colors. They could have only the same headdress with the bride. Groom and best man dressed in black suits. The bridesmaids pinned to the best men a flower on the left side of the chest, from which three multi-colored ribbons came down with a bow near the flower itself. On the left side of the cap, a flower was also pinned with a ribbon around the band, which descended to the waist. And on the chest and on the cap of the best men, the flowers could be any color. The groom, on the right side of the chest, must have a white flower with a wide white ribbon. The bridegroom was brought into the church by the arms of two of his friends, and the bride by two of her friends. In total, there were 4 friends and 4 friends at the wedding.

In the early 1890s , the colony was renamed the village of Vannovskoye ^[1] . The name is given in honor of the Minister of War P.S. Vannovsky .

In 1928 - 1941, the village was the center of the Vannovsky National District .

• Cooper N.I., Kirei N. New Year's Eve. The history of the celebration of the new year in Russia, in the Kuban // Kuban, 1985, No. 1 - p. 54-70.
• Vortacher, Germans in the USSR // Banner, 1988, - No. 11, s193-203.
• Rudenko L.F. Studying the history of ethnic Germans of the Middle Kuban // Materials of the U1 regional interuniversity conference. Armavir - Krasnodar, 1988, p. 36-37.
• Rudenko L.F. Some features of the wedding ritual among the Germans of the Tbilisi region // Materials of the Higher School of the Inter-University Conference. Armavir-Krasnodar, 200, p. 29-30.
• Rudenko L.F., Uzkov SV. House and estate of ethnic Germans of the Middle Kuban // Materials of the Ukrainian State University of the regional interuniversity conference, Armavir-Krasnodar, 2000. -p.30-31.

• Website of Vocational School No. 62 of Vannovskoye Village