Tibetan pinyin ( Chinese trad. 藏語 拼音 , ex. 藏语 拼音 , pinyin : Zàngyǔ Pīnyīn , Tib. བོད་ ཡིག་ གི་ སྒྲ་ སྦྱོར་ , Waili bod yig gi sgra sbyor ) - the official system of transcription of the Tibetan language in Chinese People’s Republic . Tibetan pinyin is based on the Lhasa dialect and is very accurate in pronunciation, except that it lacks signs of tones of the Tibetan language. This system is used in China as an alternative to Wiley transliteration for writing Tibetan words in the Latin alphabet .
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Content
Initials
The tone of the syllable depends mainly on the consonant initial . In this table, each initial is represented in the entry by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with a vowel a and a neutral tone.
| IPA | Wiley Transliteration | Tibetan Pinyin | Transmission in Russian record |
|---|---|---|---|
| pá | p, sp, dp, lp | b | b |
| pà | rb, sb, sbr | b | b |
| mpà | lb, 'b | b | b |
| pʰá | ph, 'ph | p | P |
| pʰà | b | p | P |
| má | rm, sm, dm, smr | m | m |
| mà | m, mr | m | m |
| wà | w db | w | at |
| tá | t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld | d | d |
| ntá | lth | d | d |
| tà | rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd | d | d |
| ntà | zl, bzl, ld, md, 'd | d | d |
| tʰá | th, mth, 'th | t | t |
| tʰà | d, dw | t | t |
| ná | rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn | n | n |
| nà | n | n | n |
| lá | kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl | l | l |
| là | l, lw | l | l |
| ɬá | lh | lh | lh |
| tsá | ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts | z | dz |
| tsà | rdz, gdz, brdz | z | dz |
| ntsà | mdz, 'dz | z | dz |
| tsʰá | tsh, tshw, mtsh, 'tsh | c | c |
| tsʰà | dz | c | c |
| sá | s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr | s | with |
| sà | z, zw, gz, bz | s | with |
| ʈá | kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr | zh | j |
| ʈà | rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr | zh | j |
| ɳʈà | mgr, 'gr,' dr, 'br | zh | j |
| ʈʰá | khr, thr, phr, mkhr, 'khr,' phr | ch | h |
| ʈʰà | gr, dr, br, grw | ch | h |
| ʂá | hr | sh | w |
| rà | r, rw | r | R |
| cá | ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky | gy | g |
| cà | rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy | gy | g |
| ɲcà | mgy, 'gy | gy | g |
| cʰá | khy, mkhy, 'khy | ky | ky |
| cʰà | gy | ky | ky |
| tɕá | c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy | j | j |
| tɕà | rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj, dby | j | j |
| ɲtɕà | lj, mj, 'j,' by | j | j |
| tɕʰá | ch, mch, 'ch | q | h |
| tɕʰà | j | q | h |
| tɕʰá | phy, 'phy | q | h |
| tɕʰà | by | q | h |
| ɕá | sh, shw, gsh, bsh | x | w |
| ɕà | zh, zhw, gzh, bzh | x | w |
| ɲá | rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy | ny | ny |
| ɲà | ny my | ny | ny |
| já | gy | y | i / y / e / y (depending on the finale) |
| jà | y | y | i / y / e / y (depending on the finale) |
| ká | k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk | g | g |
| kà | rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg | g | g |
| ŋkà | lg, mg, 'g | g | g |
| kʰá | kh, khw, mkh, 'kh | k | to |
| kʰà | g, gw | k | to |
| ŋá | rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng | ng | ng |
| ŋà | ng | ng | ng |
| ʔá | -, db | - | - |
| ʔà | '' | - | - |
| há | h, hw | h | x |
Vowels and final consonants
The seventeen vowels of the Lhasa dialect of the Tibetan language are displayed in Tibetan pinyin as follows:
| IPA | Tibetan Pinyin | IPA | Tibetan Pinyin | Transmission in Russian record |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | i | ĩ | in | in |
| e | ê | ẽ | en | en |
| ɛ | ai / ä | ɛ̃ | ain / än | en |
| a | a | ã | an | en |
| u | u | ũ | un | un |
| o | o | õ | on | he |
| ɔ | o | |||
| y | ü | ün | youth | |
| ø | oi / ö | ø̃ | oin / ön | yong |
The final consonant -r is not usually pronounced, but lengthens the previous vowel.
The final consonant -n usually results in the nasalization of the preceding vowel.
The consonants ending the syllable are transliterated as follows:
| IPA | Tibetan Pinyin | Transmission in Russian record |
|---|---|---|
| p | b | b |
| ʔ | g / - | g |
| r | r | R |
| m | m | m |
| ŋ | ng | ng |
Examples
| Tibetan writing | Wiley | Tibetan Pinyin | Tournadra System [1] | Other options |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| གཞིས་ ཀ་ རྩེ ་ | Gzhis-ka-rtse | Xigazê | Zhikatse | Shigatse, Shikatse |
| བཀྲ་ ཤིས་ ལྷུན་ པོ་ ་ | Bkra-shis-lhun-po | Zhaxilhünbo | Trashilhünpo | Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc. |
| འབྲས་ སྤུང་ ་ | 'Bras-spung | Zhaibung | Dräpung | Drebung |
| ཆོས་ ཀྱི་ རྒྱལ་ མཚན་ | Chos-kyi rgyal-mtshan | Qoigyi Gyaicain | Chökyi Gyältshän | Choekyi Gyaltsen |
| ཐུབ་ བསྟན་ རྒྱ་མཚོ་ ་ | Thub-bstan rgya-mtsho | Tubdain gyaco | Thuptän gyatsho | Thubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso |
See also
- Tibetan-Russian practical transcription
- Tibetan language
- Tibetan writing
- Wiley
- Dagcha
Notes
Literature
- Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家 测绘 局 地名 研究所 ( Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau ; ed.). Zhōngguó dìmínglù中国 地 名录 / Gazetteer of China . (Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè 中国 地图 出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4 . Contains the official spelling of geographical names.
- Zàngwén pīnyīn jiàocái - Lāsàyīn藏文 拼音 教材 • 拉萨 音 / bod yig gi sgra sbyor slob deb, lha sa'i skad ( Course in the transcription of Tibetan, Lhasa dialect ; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnsǎ 1983 -105-02577-8 . A modified version of the official transcription containing tone marks.
- Wylie, Turrell: A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1959, p. 261-267.
Links
- David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre: THDL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan ( Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library , December 2003).
- Tibetan transliteration schemes
- Romanization of Tibetan place names - UNGEGN