Karl Ivanovich Lander (April 5, 1883, Vergalsky volost, Libavsky uyezd, Courland province - July 29, 1937) - Soviet statesman and party leader. Historian and journalist. Member of the Constituent Assembly and participant in its last meeting on January 5, 1918. He served in the Cheka and OGPU. The organizer of the Red Terror in the Don region and the North Caucasus during the civil war in Russia. Chairman of the Minsk Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies.
| Karl Ivanovich Lander | |
|---|---|
| Kārlis landers | |
 | |
| Date of Birth | April 5, 1884 |
| Place of Birth | Vergal volost, Libavsky uyezd, Courland province , Russian Empire nowadays Pavilost region Latvia |
| Date of death | July 29, 1937 (53 years old) |
| Place of death | |
| Citizenship | |
| Occupation | statesman and party leader. Historian and journalist. |
| The consignment | RSDLP |
| Main ideas | communism |
Content
Biography
The teenager met the famous Tolstoyan I. M. Tregubov , but quickly lost faith in Christian-Socialist theory . [1] Having received secondary education, he passed exams as an external student , which enabled him to work as a public teacher. He was arrested and in prison met with the Social Democrats, became a Marxist . He attended lectures of the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University , but was expelled from the 3rd year. He was a journalist and historian, published in St. Petersburg in 1908-1909 a three-volume work History of Latvia in Latvian. [2]
He worked as the editor of the newspaper Samara "City Herald". [one]
Revolutionary Activities
Member of the RSDLP since 1905 . He led party work in Latvia , Moscow , St. Petersburg , Samara , Nizhny Novgorod . He participated in the barricade battles in Moscow in December 1905 . He was arrested seven times, spent two years in prison, but was not subjected to expulsion. [3] .
On the Western Front of World War I
After the February Revolution of 1917, he was secretary of the Zemstvo Union of the Western Front, at the same time a member of the Minsk and North-West Regional Committees of the RSDLP (b) . In October 1917, a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Western Front and chairman of the Minsk Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies [3] . The delegate of the Constituent Assembly from the Western Front and Minsk District No. 9. Participant in the last meeting of the Constituent Assembly on January 5, 1918 .
Activities in Soviet Russia
After October 1917, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Western Region and the Front. Member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee . In 1918 - 1919, the People's Commissar of State Control of the RSFSR , authorized by the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) To mobilize labor soldiers and establish work in the Minsk and Smolensk provinces . He negatively related to the implementation of the idea of creating Belarusian statehood. [four]
In the North Caucasus
In 1920, the special representative of the Cheka for the Don region and the North Caucasus and the head of the special department of the Cheka of the Caucasus Front . He signed the documents as " Envoy of the Cheka in the Caucasus." During this period, in the Caucasus alone specially sent officers of the Cheka were more than 80 people. [5] By this time, the troops of General A.I. Denikin was defeated by the Reds , but the movement of General P.N. Wrangel . In this regard, the Cheka used mass terror based on the collective responsibility of the Cossacks. [6] From the leaflet of the time :
“Appeal to the population with a special appeal from Landera, the plenipotentiary of the Cheka for the North Caucasus”
Vladikavkaz. 1920 year
..............................
It is brought to the attention of the entire population that we have taken the most decisive steps in relation to the white-green movement. Calling for the fight against these robbers, the entire working population of the Kuban and the Black Sea, I propose:
1) - Inform the nearest Soviet authorities about the location of the white-green gangs.
2) - Take direct part in the fight against these robbers, disarming them and arresting their leaders and instigators.
3) - Report all suspicious persons hiding in villages, villages and villages.
4) - Report all gang attacks in a timely manner and assist the Soviet authorities in eliminating the White Guard movement.
In case of failure to comply with these requirements and any kind of assistance to white-green gangs, the most cruel retribution awaits the guilty, namely:
a) - The villages and villages that harbor the whites and greens will be destroyed, the entire adult population will be shot, all property confiscated.
b) - All persons who indicated assistance to the gangs will be immediately shot.
c) -Most of the green located in the mountains were relatives in the villages. All of them are registered and in the event of gangs, all adult relatives fighting against us will be shot, and minors sent to central Russia.
d) - In the event of a mass demonstration of individual villages, villages and cities, we will be forced to apply mass terror to these places: hundreds of residents of these villages and villages will be paid for each killed Soviet leader.
Our warning is not a simple threat! The Soviet Government has sufficient means to carry out all this. Warning the population for the last time about all this, I declare that to the green people who betrayed their leaders, we promise complete forgiveness.Disobedience to this order within seven days will entail heavy punishment, both for the perpetrators themselves and for their relatives. The punishing hand of the Soviet Government mercilessly sweeps away all its enemies.
- [7]
To pursue this policy, Lander organized special tribunals - the “ troika ” and everything seemed to be provided for, his instructions read
... use these acts of intimidation to capture valuable hostages for their subsequent execution and to expand the scope of executions against white spies and counter-revolutionaries in general ...
- [8] [9]
But Lander himself was not satisfied with the results:
The issue of red terror was resolved in the simplest way. Pyatigorsk security officers decided to shoot three hundred people in one day. They determined the norm for the city of Pyatigorsk and for each of the surrounding villages and ordered the party cells to draw up lists for execution. <...> This extremely unsatisfactory method has led to many cases of settling personal accounts. <...> In Kislovodsk, it came to the point that it was decided to kill people in the infirmary.
- [8] [9]
Lander himself was in the Caucasus probably until the end of September 1920 [5] , but only in October 1920, the “troika” created by him were sentenced to death and immediately shot more than six thousand people. [8] [9]
In Moscow
In 1921, the head of the propaganda department of the Moscow Committee of the RCP (b). In 1922 - 1923 he was authorized by the Soviet government at foreign missions to help the starving in Russia . In 1923 - 1925 he was a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR .
Personal Retired
In 1928, Stalin , who personally knew Lander from his work in the People’s Commissariat of State Control , began to suspect him of disloyalty and relations with internal party opposition groups. As a result, at the age of 45, Lander was sent on a personal pension . Engaged in scientific and literary activities. [3]
Death
Lander died of tuberculosis in Moscow on July 29, 1937 [10] .
Proceedings
- Kārlis Landers Latwijas wehsture: kultur-wehsturiski apzerejumi 1 Baltijas senā wehsture. Zemes iekarošana un ordeņa laikmets Peterburgâ Gulbja Apgahdibâ 1908 (Latvian)
- Kārlis Landers Latwijas wehsture: kultur-wehsturiski apzerejumi 2 Peterburgâ Gulbja Apgahdibâ 1908 (Latvian)
- Kārlis Landers Latwijas wehsture: kultur-wehsturiski apzerejumi 3 Peterburgâ Gulbja Apgahdibâ 1909 (Latvian)
- J Jankavs; Kārlis Landers Progresiwo demokratu sinatne latweeschu wehstures jautajumos: kritika par Landera Latwijas wehsturi Rigā: J. Ozolin̦a apgahdibā, 1910 (Latvian)
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Autobiography of Karl Lander on Biography.ru site Archived November 25, 2009 on Wayback Machine
- ↑ V.G. Afanasyev Lander, Karl Ivanovich "Encyclopedia of the Smolensk region" volume 1
- ↑ 1 2 3 Lander Karl Ivanovich in TSB .
- ↑ Lander Karl Ivanovich // History of Belarus. Dictionary dictionary.
- ↑ 1 2 Petrov N.V. Organization and development of the Cheka - GPU bodies in the Caucasus 1918 - 1934 International society "Memorial", online media "Caucasian Knot". July 2004
- ↑ PAPERS OF THE PAST
- ↑ The organ of general Cossack thought, “Beloved Land” magazine No. 112. May-June 1974 Publisher: Donskoy Troops Association. 230, Av.dela DivisionLeclerc, 95 Montmorency, France.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Part 1. The state is against its people. Chapter 4. Dirty war // S. Courtois, N. Werth, J.-L. Panne, A. Pachkowski, K. Bartoszek, J.-L. Margolen, with the participation of R. Koffer, P. Rigulo, P. Fontaine, I. Santamaria, S. Buluk The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression Reference Book. Paris, 1997 - Transl. with french - M., Three Centuries of History, 2001 .-- 780s. BBN 5-934353037-2 (Ros.) ISBN 2-221-08204-4 (Fr)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Vladimir N. Brovkin Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918-1922 Princeton University Press, 455 pages, 1994 ISBN 978-0-691-03278-8
- ↑ d_clarence. Red Latvians. Karl Lander. . The Great Famine (January 24, 2017). Date of treatment March 5, 2019.
Links
- Lander Karl Ivanovich (Landers Kārlis) Handbook on the history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898 - 1991
- Protasov L.G. People of the Constituent Assembly: a portrait in the interior of the era. M., ROSPEN, 2008
- Baranchenko V. Ye. K. Lander // “ Questions of history ” 1971 No. 1
- The autobiography of Karl Lander on the site Biography.ru .
- Karl Ivanovich Lander in TSB .
- Lander Karl Ivanovich // History of Belarus. Dictionary dictionary.
- Karl Ivanovich Lander on the Chronos site.