Education

Education - the transfer, dissemination of knowledge and culture ^[1] , as well as the system of educational events and institutions in any state ^[2] .

In imperial Russia there was a Ministry of Education ; in Soviet times, the People's Commissariat of Education became its successor, and later - republican people's commissariats and ministries of education in the republics of the USSR.

Immanuel Kant

Enlightenment is a person’s way out of the state of his minority, in which he is at his own fault. Minority is the inability to use one’s mind without the guidance of someone else. Minority due to one's own fault is one whose reason is not a lack of reason, but a lack of determination and courage to use it without guidance from someone else. Sapere aude ! - have the courage to use your own mind! - such, therefore, is the motto of the Enlightenment.

- Immanuel Kant . “The answer to the question: what is Enlightenment? » Him. “Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklaerung?” (1784) ^[3]

Also, Kant believed that enlightenment requires only freedom, and such freedom, in which, in any case, you can publicly use your own mind. He also says that the public can enlighten itself if there is the same freedom, because even among the guardians placed above the crowd, there will be independent thinkers who, having thrown off the yoke of minority, will spread around the spirit of a reasonable assessment of their own dignity and the call of each person to think independently. It should be borne in mind that the public, previously put under this yoke by them, will then force them to remain under it, if it is incited by some of its guardians who are not capable of any enlightenment. This is how harmful it is to instill prejudices that ultimately avenge those who gave birth to them or who were the forerunner of those who gave birth to them. For this reason, the public can achieve enlightenment only gradually. ^[four]

The following areas of education are distinguished as a type of work of a specialist in the dissemination of special knowledge:

• Cultural education
• Health education
• Psychological education
• Pedagogical education
• Sex education

• Abstinence-limited sex education

• Political Education
• Religious education

Along with the term "enlightenment" the term " enlightenment " is used as unambiguous to it; sometimes these concepts are delineated, and some scientists consider the concept of enlightenment to be broader, others - enlightenment. There is also an understanding in literature of enlightenment as a “reduced”, incomplete version of enlightenment, and also as an ideological course of a “secondary” order (that is, that arose in some countries under the influence of the ideas of Western European Enlightenment .

Also, enlightenment is understood as the ideological course of the " long XVIII century ", based on the belief in the decisive role of reason and science in the knowledge of the "natural order", corresponding to the true nature of man and society. Ignorance, obscurantism, religious fanaticism, enlighteners considered the causes of human disasters; opposed the feudal - absolutist regime, for political freedom, civil equality. The main representatives of the Enlightenment in England (where it originated) are J. Locke , J. A. Collins , J. Toland , A. E. Shaftesbury ; in France (where it reached its peak) - Voltaire , S. Montesquieu , J. J. Rousseau , D. Didro , K. A. Helvetius , P. A. Holbach ; in Germany - G. E. Lessing , I. G. Herder , F. Schiller , I. V. Goethe ; in the USA - T. Jefferson , B. Franklin , T. Payne ; in Russia - N.I. Novikov , A.N. Radishchev . The ideas of the Enlightenment had a significant impact on the development of social thought. However, in the XIX-XX centuries. the ideology of the Enlightenment was often criticized for the idealization of human nature, the optimistic interpretation of progress as the steady development of society on the basis of improving the mind. In a broad sense, educators called outstanding disseminators of scientific knowledge ^[5] .