"Prajnaparamita hridaya sutra" ( Skt. प्रज्ञपारमिता हॄदयसूत्र , Prajñāpāramitā Hridaya Sūtra IAST , Chinese ru . 般若 波羅蜜 多心 經 , pall .: Banzhe bolomido sin jing , Jap. 般若 心 ня hannya shingyo :) "Sutra of perfect heart or perfect The Heart Sutra is one of the most famous primary sources of Mahayana Buddhism .
Content
General information
The Heart Sutra is the exposition of the Buddhist ideas of perfect wisdom and refers to the shortest Buddhist sutras . One of the translations into Russian contains 22 sentences. Along with the Diamond Sutra , the Heart Sutra is the main example of Buddhist primary sources of the creation of Buddhist literature of “perfect wisdom”. Despite the fact that it contains a mantra , it affects the last, tantric phase of the development of literature of this kind.
The heart sutra denies four noble truths (“there is no suffering, no reason for suffering, no cessation of suffering, no path”), which, as EA Torchinov points out, sounded blasphemous and shocking to Hinayana followers who lived during the emergence and development of the Mahayana . Torchinov considers the level of shock of the Buddhist Hinayana of that time from this sutra equal to the level of shock of a Christian from a hypothetical Christian text in which “ Christ would proclaim that there is no God , no Satan , no hell , no heaven , no sin , no virtue , etc. d. ” [1] .
The study of the Heart Sutra is given special attention in East Asian Buddhism, in particular in the Chan ( Zen ) schools of China , Japan , Korea, and Vietnam . This sutra is of particular importance for the Japanese school of Shingon , whose founder, Kukai , wrote commentaries on the sutra; as well as for various schools of Tibetan Buddhism .
Some researchers believe that the Heart Sutra was created in China and later translated into Sanskrit . However, most scholars are inclined to believe that it is the Sanskrit version that is original, despite the fact that the Chinese translation of the sutra had a much greater impact on the schools of Buddhism.
In Russia / USSR, the translation “Heart Sutras” was first published in the collection “Psychological Aspects of Buddhism” (Novosibirsk, 1986).
Contents
The sutra basically describes the teachings of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara , which in this context represents the virtue of prajna (wisdom). His assessment of the phenomena lies entirely in the mainstream of the doctrine of the five skandhas .
Avalokiteshvara refers to Shariputra , who in the sutra represents the early Buddhist school of "perfect wisdom." The Bodhisattva especially emphasizes that “form is emptiness, and emptiness is form” (色即是空 ， 空即是色) and proclaims skandhi equally empty.
After that, Avalokiteshvara talks about some of the most important Buddhist dogmas and explains that they are simple explanations of reality, but not reality itself, and therefore are not the truth in the highest sense of this concept. In other words, a Buddhist cannot rely on words or traditional dogmas of doctrine. The Bodhisattva, as an archetypal Buddhist, relies on the perfection of wisdom, which perceives things as they really are, that is, perceives reality directly.
This perfect wisdom is concentrated in the mantra of the Heart Sutra, also called mahamantra :
गते गते पारगते पारसंगते बोधि स्वाहा - gate, gate, paragate, parasamgate, bodhi, matchmaker .
which means complete deliverance from illusions and welcomes enlightenment .
A feature of this sutra is that the teaching does not come from the mouth of the Buddha himself (which is traditional for all sutras); instead, the Buddha only confirms the correct conclusions of Sri Avalokiteshvara regarding prajnaparamita .
See also
- Avalokiteshvara
- Prajnaparamita
- Five Skandhas
- Vasu (Buddhism)
Notes
- ↑ Torchinov, 2000 , p. 68.
Literature
- Bayartueva E. Zh. “Prajnaparamita-hridaya-sutra” and “Vajrachchhedika-Prajnaparamita-sutra” in the tradition of Madhyamika // Buddhist texts in China, Tibet, Mongolia and Buryatia / Ed. ed. L. E. Yangutov . - Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the Buryat Scientific Center of the SB RAS , 2009. - P. 61–70. - 186 p. - ISBN 978-5-7925-0299-4 .
- Dashieva A. A. From the history of Tibetan commentaries on the Hriday Sutra // Bulletin of the Buryat State University . - Ulan-Ude: Buryat State University , 2011. - No. 8 . - S. 150-155 . - ISSN 1994-0866 .
- Dashieva A. A. About Atisha's comments on the Hriday Sutra // Bulletin of the Buryat State University . - Ulan-Ude: Buryat State University , 2010. - No. 8 . - S. 194—198 . - ISSN 1994-0866 .
- Suzuki D. T. V. The Importance of the Prajnaparamita-Hriday Sutras for Zen Buddhism // Essays on Zen Buddhism. Part Three / Ed. S.V. Pakhomova . - SPb. : Science , 2005 .-- S. 206-224. - 432 s. - ISBN 5-02-026880-1 .
- Terentyev A. A. “Sutra of the heart of Prajnaparamita” and its place in the history of Buddhist philosophy // Buddhism: history and culture / Otv. ed. V.V. Vertoradova. - M .: The main edition of the eastern literature of the publishing house "Science" , 1989. - S. 4-21. - 227 p. - ISBN 5-02-017020-8 .
- Torchinov E. A. Lecture 4. Doctrinal texts of the Mahayana (literature of the sutras) // Torchinov E. A. Introduction to Buddhology. Lecture course. - SPb. : St. Petersburg Philosophical Society , 2000. - 304 p. - ISBN 5-93597-019-8 .
- Urbanaeva I. S. “Heart Sutra”: selflessness meditation in the context of the five paths of the Mahayana // Bulletin of the Buryat State University . - Ulan-Ude: Buryat State University , 2008. - No. 8 . - S. 8-17 . - ISSN 1994-0866 .
- Yangutov L. E. The Hriday Sutra in Chinese Tradition // Bulletin of the Buryat State University . - Ulan-Ude: Buryat State University , 2008. - No. 6 . - S. 19-24 . - ISSN 1994-0866 .
- Sutra on the essence of perfection in great supreme knowledge / Per. Andrei Nakorchevsky under the editorship of Tanaka Takeyuki and Vasily Molodyakov. - Tokyo: Seirinji, 2011 .-- 224 p.
- Prajnaparamita-hridaya sutra // Psychological aspects of Buddhism. Sat Art. / Ans. ed. Dr. Philos. Sciences V.V. Mantatov . - Novosibirsk: Nauka , 1986. - S. 6-8.