The fortress of Spandau is one of the most significant and best-preserved Renaissance strongholds ( fortresses ) in Europe.
| Fortress | |
| Spandau Citadel | |
|---|---|
| A country | |
| Location | |
| Architectural style | |
| Founding date | |
| Building | 1559 - 1594 years |
| Site | |
The citadel is located in the northwestern part of Berlin on the banks of the River Havel and is one of the most famous attractions of the Spandau district.
Content
Stronghold Construction
5 Bastion "Brandenburg"
6 Bastion "Konigin"
7 König Bastion
8 Tower with guns
9 former barracks
10 water gate
The fortress was built in Spandau in the period from 1559 to 1594 on the site of a medieval fortress. In addition to the citadel, the complex Haneberg built in 1886 (Hahneberg) also belongs to the complex.
The architect of the citadel was made by Italian Francesco Chiaramella de Gandino (Francesco Chiaramella de Gandino), who was replaced in 1578 by another Italian native Rochus zu Linar (Rochus zu Lynar; Rocco Di Linari).
From an architectural point of view, the twelve-sided fortress with four triangular bastions and the round tower of Julius (2) is a model of the ideally geometric military city of the XVI century .
The quadrilateral formed by the curtains of the citadel is 208 × 195 m. The bastions are arranged in such a way that as a result there are no boundless corners in which the attackers could hide. From the outside, the fortress is surrounded by water.
History
In 1557, preparatory work began for the construction of a citadel on the site of a medieval fortress. The construction of the fortress lasted from 1560 to 1594. In 1620, the reconstruction of the bulk shaft was completed. In 1636, Count Adam zu Schwarzenberg moved to the citadel with his military office.
In 1675, Swedish troops were located in front of the citadel.
In 1691 there was an explosion on the Kronprinz bastion, after which in 1692 this bastion was re-built.
In December 1697, the prisoner of the citadel was first the first minister of Brandenburg, Ebergard Dankelman [3] , and a year later the general director of the Brandenburg Navy, Benjamin Raoul [4] .
In 1806, Napoleon captured the citadel. Almost completely destroyed, it had to be restored several times.
In 1812, Napoleon re-entered the city. In 1813, there was an explosion of gunpowder in the Königin bastion and in the same year the French troops left the citadel.
In 1821, the Königin bastion was restored. Facing the outer wall in the form in which it is presented today was completed in 1885.
During World War I , military production was established in the fortress.
In 1935, the citadel became a secret object: a laboratory was located here that developed chemical protective agents and toxic substances for the army, in particular, the herbal paralytic gas was studied.
In 1945, the citadel was besieged by Soviet troops that entered Berlin . Inside, in addition to the German military, was hiding a peaceful population. Thanks to the negotiations conducted by Major Vasily Grishin and Captain Vladimir Gall [5] with German officers , they managed to avoid casualties, and on May 1, 1945 (the day before the surrender of Berlin), the German garrison chose to surrender without a fight.
In 1945-1948, the citadel was located in the administration of the British forces, which housed a museum of local lore here.
In the years 1962-1976, restoration work was carried out. In 1992, the City Historical Museum of Military Weapons was opened here.
In February 2019, a clip of the band Rammstein for the video for the song Deutschland was filmed in the citadel.
Notes
- ↑ archINFORM - 1994.
- ↑ Berlin cultural heritage database / ed. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment
- ↑ Schück, Richard. Brandenburg-Preußens Kolonial-Politik unter dem Großen Kurfürsten und seinen Nachfolgern: (1647 - 1721). Bd. 1 - p. 372 (him) . Leipzig: Grunow, 1889.
- ↑ Schück, Richard. Brandenburg-Preußens Kolonial-Politik unter dem Großen Kurfürsten und seinen Nachfolgern: (1647 - 1721). Bd. 1 - p. 378 (him) . Leipzig: Grunow, 1889.
- ↑ Berlin. The Spandau Citadel. (Rus.) PHOTOBLOG (June 17, 2016). The date of circulation is October 21, 2017.
Literature
- Spandau // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Thomas Biller: Sozialgeschichtliche Aspekte im Festungsbau am Beispiel Spandau , in: Eine Zukunft für unsere Vergangenheit, hrsg. von Volker Schmidtchen, Schriftenreihe Festungsforschung Bd. 1, Wesel 1981, S. 115-138.
- Thomas Biller: Der “Lynarplan” und die Entstehung der Zitadelle Spandau im 16. Jahrhundert , Grundrisse, Pläne und Ansichten von Spandau Bd. 3, Berlin 1981.
- Daniel Burger: Die Landesfestungen der Hohenzollern Franken und Brandenburg im Zeitalter der Renaissance (Schriftenreihe zur Bayerischen Landesgeschichte Bd. 128, zugleich Die Plassenburg Bd. 51), Munich 2000, S. 279-326.
- Burckhardt Fischer: Zeiten und Spuren. Momente einer bau- und festungsgeschichtlichen Zeitreise auf der Zitadelle Spandau, dargestellt am Beispiel des Kavaliers Brandenburg . In: Institut für Erhaltung und Modernisierung von Bauwerken eV (Hrsg.): Erhalt und Nutzung historischer Zitadellen. Mainz 2002, ISBN 3-8053-2987-3 , S. 127-141.
- Jürgen Grothe, Liselotte und Armin Orgel-Köhne: Zitadelle Spandau. arani: Berlin 1978, ISBN 3-7605-8536-1 .
- Presse und Informationsamt des Landes Berlin (Hrsg.): Die Zitadelle Spandau . In: Berliner Forum. 8/1977.
- Johannes Schwarz: Fledermäuse - Heimliche Untermieter der Zitadelle Spandau unter internationalem Schutz . In: Institut für Erhaltung und Modernisierung von Bauwerken eV (Hrsg.): Erhalt und Nutzung historischer Zitadellen . Mainz 2002, ISBN 3-8053-2987-3 , S. 233-224.
- Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Spandau (Hrsg.): Von Vestungen. Die brandenburgisch-preußischen Festungen Spandau - Peitz - Küstrin . Berlin 2001 (Redaktion: Ralf Gebuhr, Andrea Theissen, Martin Winter).
- Andrea Theissen, Arnold Wirtgen: Militärstadt Spandau. Zentrum der preußischen Waffenproduktion 1722 bis 1918 . Brandenburg, Berlin 1998.
Links
- Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spandau Citadel