Usman Khoja

Early years

Born in 1878 in Bukhara - in the capital of the Bukhara Emirate , in a wealthy merchant family. It was from the Khoja family known in Central Asia , which originated from the Arab preachers of Islam in this region. Primary education in one of the Bukhara madrasahs . In addition to his native, Uzbek language , he was fluent in Persian and Arabic . From 1908 to 1912 he studied in Istanbul - in the capital of the Ottoman Empire . During his stay in Istanbul, he perfectly learned the Turkish language . Been in the Crimea , talked with Ismail Gasprinsky . In Istanbul, he founded the society “Bukhara Taammi Maarif”, and began to engage in attracting talented students from Turkestan to Istanbul to study. In 1913, after five years of study in Istanbul, he returned to Bukhara.

Almost immediately after returning to Bukhara, he began to sympathize with Central Asian Jadidists , and became a member of the underground Jadidist organization Tarbiya and atfol ( Education of the Persian-language generation ). One of the first Jadidists opened a new-year school, where they taught children only to secular sciences. He was a supporter of a secular state . Soon he became one of the leaders of the Bukhara Jadidists. He actively collaborated with other leaders of Jadidism in the Emirate of Bukhara , in the State of Khorezm , and also in the Turkestan region of the Russian Empire . I corresponded and communicated with enlightened people from the Ottoman Empire , the Imperial State of Iran and the Emirate of Afghanistan . He wrote articles for a number of Jadidist newspapers, magazines and treatises.

Beginning of political career

After some time, along with the majority of Jadidists, he became a member of the Young Bukharians' movement , which was a national-democratic socio-political movement. Soon, Usman Khoja was appointed treasurer of the movement, joined the central committee of the movement, and became one of the key members of this movement. After some time, the Young Bukharians make an alliance with the Turkestan Bolsheviks , and this union is perceived ambiguously among a number of members of the Young Bukharians. Some of them opposed the alliance with the Bolsheviks. One of them was Usman Khoja. The young Bukharas made an alliance with the Bolsheviks only for the sake of overthrowing the monarchy in the Bukhara Emirate. Then the head of the emirate was Emir Seid Alim Khan . In March 1918, a joint attempt by the Young Bukharians and Bolsheviks to overthrow the monarchy in the Bukhara Emirate ended unsuccessfully . At that time, Russia was in the midst of a massive civil war . He expressed support for the Turkestan autonomy , which was defeated in February 1918 by the Bolsheviks.

Further political career

After the failure of the revolution and the coup in Bukhara, Usman Khoja actually left the ranks of the Young Bukharas of the emirate, and moved to Tashkent . There he began to communicate with the Left SRs , and in April 1918, he organized the Left Socialist-Revolutionary wing of the Young Bukharians. In September 1918 he took part in the work of the Communist Party of Bukhara , which was established in April of the same year. In February 1920, Usman Khoja became a member of the Central Turkestan Bureau of the Young Bukhara Revolutionaries Party. Then the last phase of the Bukhara revolution took place , and in September 1920, the so-called Bukhara operation to overthrow the monarchy in the emirate ended. Emir Seid Alim Khan and a part of his entourage fled to the Emirate of Afghanistan , and the monarchy was completely abolished in Bukhara.

On October 8, 1920, the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic (BNSR) was created on the territory of the former emirate. Usman Khoja was one of the founding fathers of the BNSR. He was appointed as the National Nazir (Minister) of Finance of the BNSR. In January 1921, he was appointed to the post of Nazir (Minister) of the state control of the BNSR. In August 1921, at the II Congress of the Councils of the BNSR, Usman Khojaev was elected chairman of the CEC of the Councils of the BNSR. He was one of the initiators and founders of the Bukhara Red Army (BSA) . He played for the independence of the BNSR and its leaders, for the independence of the Bukhara Red Army, as well as for the independent domestic and foreign policy of the young republic. He acted and took measures to withdraw the Workers ’and the Red Army , but in response to these actions he made several opponents for himself both among the leaders of the BNSR and among the leaders of the RSFSR , who was in fact the guardian of the BNSR.

Shifting to the Basmah side

The events taking place in the young republic disturbed him. Since the BNSR gradually turned into a satellite of the RSFSR, and became increasingly close to the Bolsheviks, the Bukhara Communist Party became the branch of the CPSU (b) . In December 1921, Usman Khodjaev on state affairs was sent to the eastern part of the BNSR , which is known as Eastern Bukhara (now the territory of Tajikistan ). As the first chairman of the CEC of the Bukhara Republic (in fact, the president), taking advantage of the moment, he went over to the side of the national liberation basmach movement , since the eastern part of the BNSR ("Eastern Bukhara") was not fully controlled by the Bukhara Red Army, and there were traditionally strong positions of leaders Basmachi movement, since almost all of these leaders have temporarily concentrated there. It was at that time that the famous Turkish politician and military Enver Pasha with his entourage switched over to the side of the Basmachis. From the Ottoman Empire came help Basmah movement.

The transfer of Usman Khodjaev to the side of the opponents was perceived by the leadership of the BNSR extremely negatively. After an unsuccessful attempt to revolt against the Red Army garrison in Dushanbe in January 1922, he fled to Kabul . Meanwhile, Usman Khodzhayev considered himself the legitimate head of the BNSR, and on April 29, 1922 he visited the capital of the Emirate of Afghanistan , Kabul , to sign an agreement with Amanullah Khan , between BNSR and the Emirate of Afghanistan on joint struggle with Bolshevik Russia . In Afghanistan, he tried to buy weapons from various countries for the army of the Bukhara Republic and opponents of the Bolsheviks, and in particular contacted representatives of the British Empire . After some time, he finally emigrated to Afghanistan, and became one of the leaders of emigrants and refugees from the former Emirate of Bukhara , the BNSR and the rest of Central Asia.

After some time he moved to Turkey . Along with Togan and Chokaev, Usman Khojaev was one of the leaders of the Turkestan emigration in Turkey and Europe. In Turkey, he studied the history and culture of Turkestan and Central Asia as a whole. He wrote a number of articles, reports, monographs and books on the history and culture of Turkestan and Central Asia. One of his famous works is the book "Turkistan", written in 1936. He became known in Turkey as one of the leaders of the Central Asian or Turkestan community of this country, as a researcher of this region, and also as one of the opponents and critics of the “Soviet occupation of Central Asia”. Usman Khoja was one of the co-founders of the Institute for the Study of Turkic Culture ( tour. Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü ) in Ankara , closely communicated with the scientific circles of Turkey and Western Europe. He was fluent in Uzbek, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Russian.

He died on July 28, 1968 in Istanbul , at the age of 90. He was buried in Üsküdar , an urban district of Istanbul, in the “Ozbekler Tekkesi” mausoleum. In Turkey, he left children, numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren. According to some reports, his descendants are among the wealthiest people in Turkey, and own numerous companies and enterprises.

• Abdullaev K. N. From Xinjiang to Khorasan. From the history of the Central Asian emigration of the 20th century .. - Dushanbe: “IRFON”, 2009. - 572 p.
• Turkestan in the early twentieth century: to the history of the origins of national independence. - Tashkent, 2000.
• Reform mavements and revolutions in Turkistan (1900-1924). Studies in Honor of Osman Khoja, ISBN 90-804409-5-7 / Edited by Timur Kocaoglu. Published and distributed by SOTA, Haarlem 2001.
• Ainiy Sadriddin. Bukhoro iniilobi tarihi uchun materiallar. - Moscow, 1926.
• Amad Zakiy Validiy Tўғon. Bўngiganni bўri er (Khotiralar). - Tashkent, 1997.
• Rajabov K. Bukhoroga қizil army Bosko ва va Unga Karshi kurash. - Tashkent, 2002.
• Usmonkhuzha Pulkhuzhaev - National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan . - Tashkent, 2000-2005. ( uz. )
• Fayzula Khuzhayev. Bukhoro İilobining tarihiga material. - Toshkent, 1997.
• Uzbekistani Yangi Tarikh. Uzbekistan Council Mustamlacaciligi Davrida (2-whaleb). - Tashkent, 2000.

• Usmon hўzha Pўlatkhuzhaev (1878-1968) ( uz .) . Ziyouz.uz . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• The secret deal of the Soviet government with the main "Basmach" of Central Asia (Rus.) . BBC Russian . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Buhara Cumhurbaşkanı Osman Kocaoğlu (Tour.) . tarihistan.org . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Buhara Cumhuriyeti ve Osman Hoca (Tour.) . JEOPOLİTÜRK . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Kurtuluş savaşinin unutulan finansorü: Buhara cumhurbaşkani Osman Kocaoğlu (tour.) . Önce Vatan . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Osman Hoca'yi dualarla andık (Tour.) . Önce Vatan . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Buhara Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkan'i Osman Kocaoğlu'nu saygıyla anıyoruz (tour.) . Millet-İttifaki.com . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Osman Hoca hakkında Özbekistan'da yayimlanan ilk kitap (tour.) . tarihistan.org . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Buhara Cumhurbaşkanı Osman Kocaoğlu Anıldı (Tour.) . Türk Dünyası Birlik Platformu . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Osman Kocaoğlu: Milli Mücadele'de Buhara Altınları (Tour.) . ULU KANAL . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.
• Osman Hoca Polathocayev (Osman Kocaoğlu) (Tour.) . MAMER . The appeal date is April 30, 2019.