The letter of the boyar Nyakshu (June 29-30, 1521) is a historical letter and the oldest surviving written monument , created in the Wallachian language with Slavic elements [Comm 1] , the date of writing of which is set with minimal error. Like other documents of the Wallachian Principality of that era, the letter is written in cursive , Cyrillic letter .
History
Dating
Despite the fact that the letter itself does not indicate the date and year, given its contents (the onset of the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad), the date of writing the letter was set with a minimum error - this is June 29-30, 1521. Found a letter in the archives of Brasov in 1894, Friedrich Stenner, then it was transferred to Nicolae Jorge (Romanian scientific and political figure of the late XIX - early XX centuries).
Letter Author
The letter was written by the Wallachian boyar [1] and the merchant Nyakshu from Dlagopol (modern Kympulung [Comm 2] ). His full name, Nyakshu Lupu, is known from a document from the reign of Vlad V Young (1510-1512), in which Nyakshu is mentioned as a participant in a debt lawsuit with merchants from Brasov . Nyakshu himself, apparently, was associated with the trade in Turkish goods and his trusted people (including his brother-in-law Negre mentioned in the text of the letter) accompanied goods from the southern Danube through Wallachia and further to the Transylvanian cities. This may explain his correspondence with the mayor of Brasov, regarding the maneuvers of the Turkish army [2] .
Destination
The letter is addressed to Hans Begner [Comm 3] in Brasov . And from other documents between 1511 and 1559 it is known that Hans Begner was the mayor (mayor) of the city of Brasov. Begner is known for setting up the first paper production in Wallachia together with other members of the German community of Brasov and, knowing the Romanian language well, encouraged Romanian writing (in particular, translations and printing of German religious texts with the aim of spreading Lutheranism) [2] . The distance between the two cities is about 60 km.
Content of the letter
In a letter, Nyakshu warns Begner about the impending Turkish danger. The “emperor” mentioned in the letter was the Turkish Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent , and his offensive was the beginning of the Turkish military campaign against Hungary. The court of the sultan kept a detailed campaign diary for him, which made it possible to accurately date the letter - on July 29 or 30, when the sultan ordered to speak from Sofia. A month later, Turkish troops besieged Belgrade . In addition to a letter to Nyakšu, there are also about 15 letters with similar warnings sent to the Hungarian king Louis II and his transylvanian vassals, as well as to the pope, Polish and English kings [2] .
Document Text
- Transliteration
- m (y) core (y) and plemenite (y) and cleanse (y) and used [o] ω (m) finished (y) zhupa (n) han (w) be (d) not (p) ѿ brasho ( c) mno (d) [o]
- h (e) equality ѿ nѣ (k) shu (l) ѿ long and pa (k) giving more to (m) net for lukru (l) that (r) chilo (p) kum am
- auzi (t) єu kъ ъparatu (l) au єshi (t) de (n) sofpishi aimi (n) three others shi sѣu do (s) ĩ su (s)
- before dunre and pa (k) eating up to (m) nipıata k a u veni (t) y (n) ω (m) for anyone de mie mѣ (y)
- spu (s) k a a vyu in (t) ku ωkïi loi ka au track (t) more than a ship than before sh (m) nïıata prє
- dunre ĩ su (s) and pak sschi ky bagen den toté
- ï ï a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ф ï ф ф ï ф ï ï
- graa (d) ku (m) thieves three times the ship la la loku (l) chela (s) rimtu (l) thou shi shi do (m) nïıata
- and pa (k) spui to (m) net de lukru (l) lu mahame (t) be (g) ku (m) u am ausit de bore to remove me (sh)
- shi de џneré mïu negro kumu ѧu da (t) ĩparatu (l) slobose lu mahame (t) running before ui
andωi wa- fi vѧ pren tsra rumansk ıar єl s t съrk and pa (k) eat u to (m) nïıata ka ape
- fric mar mari shi bsrab de ache (l) lotra de mahame (t) be (g) ma (s) varto (s) de (m) dust (s) three
- and pa (k) spoji before (m) nepale ka ma (s) marele mu de u che m a ĩ whole (s) shpeu eu spui before (m) nepetale ıар
- before (m) nippi is still Healing as she is in Kuwi (n) te ci before (m) is nipaata in tin
- umi (n) mulsi up to (m) dust in (s) three times a portion of the (m) bin (s) and b [og] be the same (s) [e] whether (t) ampi (n ) b
- h (e) equality ѿ nѣ (k) shu (l) ѿ long and pa (k) giving more to (m) net for lukru (l) that (r) chilo (p) kum am
- Transfer
m (y) core (y) and plemenite (y) and cleanse (y) and used [o] ω (m) finished (y) zhupa (n) han (w) be (d) not (p) ѿ brasho ( c) mnogo (d) [o] h (e) equality ѿ nѣ (k) shu (l) ѿ long
Wise and noble, and venerable, and God-given to the Zhupan, Hansh Begner from Brasov, a lot of health from Nyakshul from Kympulung.
and pa (k) dow more to (m) received for lukru (l) that (r) chilo (r) kum am auzi (t) єu kє ĩparatu (l) au уshi (t) de (n) sofpishi aimi ( m) three nou shi su du (s) ĩ su (s) before dunre
And let it be known to you about the affairs of the Turks that I heard that the emperor left Sofia, and it could not be otherwise, and went up the Danube.
and p (k) eat up to (m) nïıata ka au veni (t) y (n) ω (m) for anyone de mie m (y) i (c) ka a vyu (t) ku ukpilo ka au track (t) of a ship than shi shi shi do (m) nïıata prє dunre ĩ su (s)
And let it be known to you that a man came from Nikopol, who told me that he saw with his own eyes that those ships that you know were up the Danube.
and pak soshpi ky buden den toté awesome kat nde de ωmi (n) sf fipe ĩn azhuto (p) ĩ ship
And let it be known to you that they take 50 people from each city to help on ships.
and pak soshi kumu su prince beggar me (w) shche (p) de (n) t [a] ri gr (d) ku (m) thief three times the ship count la loku (l) brow (s) rimtu (l) Thy shi shi do (m) nïıata
And let it be known to you that the masters from Tsarigrad have figured out how to get these ships through the bottleneck that you know.
and pa (k) spui up to (m) no de lukru (l) lu mahame (t) be (g) ku (m) u am ausit de bore to remove me (sh) shi de џ нер neru m у negro kumu ѧ u da (t) ) ĩparatu (l) Slobose lu mahame (t) running before yiu and va fi vo pren tsara rumanskѣ ıar єl s t съrk
And I’ll also tell you about the affairs of the Mahamet-run, that I heard from the boyars in the neighborhood and from my son-in-law Negre that the emperor gave free rein to the Mahamet-run, whenever he wants, to pass through Wallachia .
and pa (k) eat up to (m) nïıata ka ape fricé mare shi basrab de ace (l) lotra de mahame (t) be (d) ma (s) vorto (s) before (m) nopele (s ) three
And let it be known to you that Bessarab is also afraid of this robber of the Mahamet-run, even stronger than you.
and p (k) spui before (m) didn’t want to (m) marele mum to me (s) especially for (m) n iaar do (m) yet before (m) nipa naty lane to remove ui (n) mulsi before (m) napelo (s) three times to take the item (m) of mi (s) bin
And I also tell you as an elder what I understood. I tell you, and you are smart and save these words to yourself so that a lot of people do not know, and you take care of yourself as best as possible.
and b [og] b te (s) [e] whether amï (n) b
And may God make you happy. Amen.
Features
Despite the fact that the letter is the first and oldest monument of the Romanian language [3] , unlike other Romanesque monuments, it was written quite late in the 16th century, and therefore the language of the monument (Old Romanian) is not very different in its grammatical and lexical characteristics composition from the modern Romanian language. With a certain degree of certainty, we can conclude that the structure of the Romanian language by this time was already quite established, although its literary standardization has not yet begun.
The monument is written in Cyrillic, used by Romanians until the 1860s. It contains many Slavic elements (“And Pak”, “for”) and even whole phrases and sentences in the Church Slavonic language in the prologue and conclusion, although most of the lexemes in the text itself have a folk Latin character. Punctuation marks are practically absent.
Comments
- ↑ The letter also contains greeting forms in the Slavic language : “m (y) core (y) and plemenite (y) and cleanse (y) and b [o] ω (m) dowan (y) zupa (n) han (w) be (g) not (p) ѿ brasho (c) many (g) [o] s (e) equality ”at the beginning of the letter and“ and b [og] be ve (s) [e] whether (t) ” in the end.
- ↑ The modern Romanian name of the city (“Câmpulung”, from Roman “câmp (ul)” field and “lung” long , literally “long field”) is probably a tracing-paper from the Slavic “Dlagopol”. The same etymology has the Hungarian (“Hosszúmező”, used during the Hungarian rule) and German (“Langenau”, used by the German community living in the city from the XIII century) name of the city.
- ↑ The pronunciation of the first name (John, Johannes, Hans, Hanesh) and the last name (Begner, Benkner) varies depending on the language of the source (Romanian, German or Hungarian).
Notes
- ↑ Jorga calls him jupan (“jupân”). Nicolae Iorga. Romanian History Documents = Documente privitoare la istoria românilor. - Academia Română, 1900. - Vol. Xi. - S. 843.
- ↑ 1 2 3 cimec.ro, 2000 .
- ↑ Surkov, Alexey Alexandrovich. Brief Encyclopedia of Literature . - 8. - Owls. Encyclopedia, 1962. - T. 6. - (Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books). p. 423:
.The earliest monument is the room. written language remains the letter of the boyar Nyakshu from Kampulunga (1521).
Links
- (rum.) Scrisoarea lui Neacşu din Câmpulung (1521): Primul text în limba română // Institutul Național al Patrimoniului (National Heritage Institute of Romania). - 2000. - 3 martie. - Date of appeal: 05/14/2017.