Mercedes-Benz W221

Background

The development of a replacement car Mercedes-Benz W220 began in 1999. Design work of the appearance of the new S-class was developed at the Advanced Design Center in Tokyo in 2000 ^[5] . The final design was approved by Gorden Wagener in Sindelfingen , Germany , at the Advanced Design Center in 2001, but was frozen in early 2002. After finalizing in December 2002, the final design was shown to journalists at a private seminar ^[6] . At the same time, the dates for the appearance of the first production model of the new S-class were announced - June 2005.

December 4, 2003 the design of the car was officially patented in Germany ^[7] .

2005-2009

Mercedes-Benz W221 was first shown to the public at the Frankfurt Motor Show in the fall of 2005 ^{[8] [9]} . In the exterior of the car (especially in large wheel arches), retro styling motifs were clearly visible, as well as the influence of the Maybach W240 limousine. The first models in the series were S350, S500, S600 and S320 CDI ^{[10] [11]} .

In November 2005, the Mercedes-Benz W221 received the Golden Steering Wheel 2005 Award ^[12] . A year later, in September, a version of the coupe based on W221 was presented - the new Mercedes-Benz C216 ( CL-class ) ^[13] - the 7th generation of two-door cars from the German automaker. 178,000 luxury coupes were created by the company since 1952 ^[13] . In addition, an armored version of the S600 Guard was released for heads of state and other important persons ^[14] .

In 2008, a limousine Mercedes-Benz V221 S600 Pullman Guard, armored at the level of B6 / B7, was presented at the Paris Motor Show ^[15] . In the same year, due to a sharp increase in world fuel prices and public interest in environmentally friendly technologies, the S400 Hybrid appeared for the first time in the history of the S-Class.

2009—2013

The development of further improvements to the W221 began in 2006. Design changes approved at the beginning of 2007 ^[16] .

On April 8, 2009, the company announced the release of a restyled model in Stuttgart , Germany . When updating the S-class received an optional four-wheel drive transmission, a number of new electronic systems, a hybrid version, an updated three-liter gasoline V6 engine with a capacity of 231 liters. pp., as well as upgraded six- and eight-cylinder diesel engines with BlueTEC technology and filters in the exhaust system. External changes include the modernization of headlights with LED strips, LED taillights, a more stringent front bumper with LED “dimensions” and new exhaust pipes. In addition, the car received a display with “Split View” technology, thanks to which the driver and front passenger see a different “picture” on the same screen, located in the center of the front panel. The updated S-Class also inherited several new safety systems from the new W212 Sedan (E-Class) . This is a tracking system for marking and “dead” zones, a function for recognizing road signs, “smart” headlights that “see” an oncoming car and adjust the light beam to prevent glare from drivers. In addition, the S-class has a system that warns the driver about fatigue, as well as a new version of adaptive cruise control with emergency braking in case of an emergency ^[17] .

In 2011, the diesel model S250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY was presented at the Paris Motor Show . The power unit of the car is a 4-cylinder diesel engine that produces 150 kW (204 hp) and 500 N · m of torque. Despite this, the relatively small S250 engine accelerates from 0 to 100 km / h in 8.2 s. The maximum speed is 240 km / h. At 100 km, the model consumes 5.7 liters of fuel. The rating of harmful substances is CO ₂ 149 g / km. To achieve these figures, Mercedes-Benz engineers equipped the engine with two turbochargers, a start-stop system and a modernized 7G-Tronic Plus automatic 7-speed gearbox ^[18] .

In 2012, the S250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY model won the World Green Car of the Year award ^[19] .

On May 15, 2013, the Mercedes-Benz W221 was discontinued, replaced by the new W222 sedan.

Exterior

The exterior design of the W221 is significantly different from its predecessor . The car looks much more impressive, more modern and dynamic. The rear is borrowed from the Mercedes-Benz Maybach. Large solid headlights are similar to the front optics of their predecessor, but they are more pointed and more consistent with the spirit of the time ^[5] .

The new flagship from Mercedes-Benz is bigger than its predecessor in every way. There are two body styles to choose from: SWB (short wheelbase) 5076 mm long or LWB (long wheelbase) 5206 mm long, which is 33 and 43 mm more than the corresponding models of the previous S-class ( W220 ). Wheelbase increased by 70/80 mm to 3035/3165 mm. The body also became 16 mm wider and 29 mm higher ^[20] .

The W221 is available in a shorter wheelbase (S) version in all countries except the USA , Mexico ^[21] , Russia , China and Indonesia ^[22] , where all models are delivered in an extended version (L).

Interior

The increase in body size allowed to expand the space inside the car. The width of the inside of the body at shoulder level and the width of free space for front and rear passengers increased by 39 millimeters, while the height became more than 5 mm. In the version with an increased wheelbase, the distance between the seats is 10 mm more, and the space for the knees is 11 ^[20] .

The atmosphere of the interior is formed by the decoration of their precious woods and chrome, the aluminum contours of the controls and carefully selected colors. The polished, black surfaces of the displays form an attractive contrast with the metallic, silver switches ^[23] .

The wide dashboard includes a large number of different controls for the car and entertainment. The driver and passengers have access to the Command multimedia system with an internal hard drive, a radio, a TV tuner, a CD / DVD changer, a telephone, automatic climate control and a navigation system. Multimedia control is also carried out using the buttons on the multifunction steering wheel. The main central part of the boron panel is a new color screen. The lower edge of the display has the usual text menu with 7 items of individual settings, display modes and operational functions ^[20] . Analog speedometer replaced by electronic display.

For the convenience of shifting gears on the W221, “Direct Select” technology was developed and applied, which allows electronic control of a 7-speed automatic transmission, pushing the lever to the right of the steering column. Thanks to this technology, Mercedes-Benz engineers were able to abandon the usual selector lever on the center console, as well as reconstruct the part of the body where the classic gear shift is located ^[20] .

The seats of the W221 have also been revised. Electrically adjustable front seats with lumbar support are standard equipment on all models in the series. On request, special luxurious seats with heating and ventilation, multi-circuit (front and rear) and dynamic multi-circuit seats (front) with massage, whose pillows and backs are adapted to the appropriate traffic situation in order to provide the best lateral support, can be installed. The intensity and speed of the massage function of dynamic multi-contour seats can be adjusted in four stages using the Command system ^[20] .

The luggage capacity increased by 60 liters to 560 liters (VDA measurement method) ^[20] .

Chassis

Pendant

All models except the S63 AMG, S600 L, and S65 L AMG used Airmatic suspension. Optionally, it could be equipped with Active Body Control technology (for the S63 AMG, S600 L, S65 L AMG, it was installed as standard). Active body control system is a more advanced version of the suspension on steel springs and hydraulics. It maintains the level of the car even in fast corners, providing maneuverability and driving comfort. In addition, this technology allows you to adjust the level of vehicle clearance using the button.

All-wheel drive 4MATIC models were presented in 2006 at the Paris Motor Show ^{[24] [25]} . Initially, these were S450 4MATIC and S500 4MATIC cars. In December, they joined the model S320 CDI 4MATIC, and then in mid-2007 S350 4MATIC ^[26] . All 4MATIC models were produced both with a short wheelbase and with an elongated one ^[27] . Subsequently, the S320 CDI 4MATIC was replaced by the S350 CDI 4MATIC.

Transmission

Models on which V12 engines were not installed were equipped with a 7-speed 7G-Tronic automatic transmission. Cars S350, S350 4MATIC, S400 Hybrid, S450, S450 4MATIC and S500 were equipped with automatic transmission 7G-Tronic Sport. The Direct Select feature made the gearbox electronically controlled using a lever on the right side of the steering column.

Models with V12 engines were equipped with a 5-speed 5G-Tronic automatic gearbox ^[28] . On the S65 AMG stood the AMG SpeedShift MCT with Direct Select.

Since 2009, the S63 AMG came with a 7-speed gearbox 7G-Tronic AMG SpeedShift, and the S65 AMG with a 5-speed AMG SpeedShift ^[29] .

Engines

Gasoline

S280 was sold only in the UK , Ireland and Asia (under the name S300).

The S500 was referred to as the S550 in Canada , the USA and Japan .

Diesel

The S350 CDI 4MATIC in Germany was referred to as the S350 CDI 4MATIC BlueEFFICIENCY.

Security

As in the case of all other generations of the S-class , the W221 car is a concentration of improved and new technologies and systems, including passenger and driver safety systems ^[20] .

The new S-class is equipped with the Brake Assist Plus system, which tracks vehicles in front of the car with a special radar and gives a warning if the distance to the front car is too small or the speed does not allow a stop to be made in advance. If a collision is unavoidable, the system independently calculates the necessary brake force in fractions of a second and applies it even if the driver applies too little pressure on the brake pedal ^[20] .

In conjunction with the Brake Assist Plus system, adaptive brake lights function that warn traffic following the vehicle by frequent flashing during emergency braking.

Passenger safety is ensured by the Pre-safe system. In the event that an assumption of an imminent accident is made (a small force on the brake pedals or the inevitability of skidding) based on sensor readings, the system automatically strains the front seat belts as a precaution and inflates the airbags along the contours to prepare for a possible impact. For the first time, Mercedes-Benz engineers integrated safety features in the side windows of this concept of preventive protection - they automatically close when there is a danger of an accident ^[20] .

The Brake Assist Plus is available in conjunction with the Distronic Plus enhanced cruise control. Using radar, the system operates at all speeds from 0 to 200 km / h. In the Stop & Go mode, this technology supports the new S-class at the required distance from the vehicle in front, automatically applying braking if necessary and accelerating it back to the required speed at the beginning of movement ^[20] .

The equipment package with Brake Assist Plus and Distronic Plus also includes a new parking assistance system that uses radar sensors. They have a longer range than ultrasonic sensors, so the driver receives a warning in advance of an impending collision when reversing to the parking lot ^[20] . The “Speedtronic” function allows you to not exceed the vehicle speed on roads with speed limits.

Thanks to the innovative Night View Assist, which premiered in the new S-Class, Mercedes-Benz made a significant contribution to reducing the risk of accidents in the dark. This technology is based on infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, and therefore will not dazzle oncoming drivers. Two infrared sensors in the headlights illuminate 150 m of the road in front of the car. An infrared camera mounted on the inside of the windshield captures the reflected image of the traffic situation and displays it on the dashboard. Thanks to the night vision system, the driver receives information about the presence of pedestrians, cyclists, parked cars and other obstacles in front of him much earlier than the usual dipped or main beam headlights ^[20] . Bi-xenon headlights include Active Light Control technology, which allows you to rearrange the light beam in the direction of movement by turning the blocks together with the steering wheel ^[5] .

Car seats are equipped with seat belts with pretensioners, tension force limiters and automatic belt height adjustment. The W221 also contains many other safety features, including well-developed front and rear deformation zones, eight two-stage airbags, anti-lock brakes (ABS) , electronic stability control (ESP) , a folding steering column, and traction control.

After restyling in 2009, the car acquired additional (or upgraded) security systems ^{[32] [33]} :

• “Adaptive Highbeam Assist” - reduces the light beam in order to prevent glare of drivers in the oncoming traffic lane;
• “Blind Spot Assist” - a flashing indicator on the side mirrors that activates when a vehicle is detected in the “blind zone”;
• “Lane Keeping Assist” - a system for keeping a vehicle in its lane;
• “Speed ​​Limit Assist” - a system for detecting signs with a speed limit and displaying it on the screen of the central display (standard for S600);
• “Attention Assist” - driver fatigue control technology based on more than 70 different parameters, which gives a warning signal to attract attention (not included in the basic package of the S400 Hybrid);
• “Active Body Control” with stabilization in crosswind - uses ESP sensors to change the load distribution on the wheel through the ABC strut depending on the direction and intensity of the crosswind (standard for S600);
• “Torque Vectoring Brake” - a system that recognizes the threat of demolition of the front axle in turns with the help of ESP, and purposefully acting on the brake mechanism of the rear wheel, internal with respect to the rotation of the wheel, for stabilization;
• the updated Pre-safe Brake system detects a collision and applies the brake system 0.6 seconds before the threat;
• “Night View Assist Plus” night vision system with pedestrian recognition;
• “Command” system with two “Splitview” screens;
• a Comand Aps navigation system with a 40-gigabyte hard drive replaced a DVD player;
• active steering wheel ("Direct-Steer").

Comfort

To ensure the comfortable use of the vehicle, the following systems and technologies are installed (in the basic configuration or on order):

• electrically adjustable heated seats (other seats and a ventilation system can be installed on request);
• speed-sensitive steering wheel;
• wipers with rain sensors and two sensitivity settings;
• fully automatic climate control system with pollen and carbon filters, three different ventilation modes and heating in the legs;
• electrically adjustable, folding mirrors with heating (with memory on some models);
• electronic parking brake;
• self-closing doors and luggage compartment lid (standard on some models, on order on others);
• additional electronic key "Keyless Go";
• optional fiber optic lighting package for the dashboard, doors, legroom and other areas;
• parking sensors ;
• rear view camera is offered (as an option);
• bi-xenon dipped headlights with Headlamp Assist technology (automatic activation in low light) with the optional Active Light System;
• electric folding rear head restraints;
• electrically adjustable steering column with easy landing function in the car;
• models with an extended wheelbase models have electrically adjustable rear seats (optional for other models);
• optional garage door opener integrated in the rear view mirror;
• tire pressure warning system. An optional monitor can be installed that displays data on the current tire pressure.

ESF 2009 is a concept car based on the S400 HYBRID. It is an experimental high-security car. The car was presented at the conference on improving car safety, held in 2009 in Stuttgart ^[34] .

The car used a large number of different security systems. Special additional protective sections in the doors are inflated with compressed gas in the event that the electronics decide that an accident is unavoidable. When hitting the rear, a special system automatically brakes the car in order to prevent contact with front-standing vehicles.

Subsequently, many innovative Mercedes-Benz ESF 2009 security systems were applied on the company's latest vehicles, such as the Mercedes-Benz W222 , Mercedes-Benz C216 and others.

The Mercedes-Benz Ocean Drive concept car was introduced in January 2007 at the Detroit Auto Show ^[35] . The four-door convertible is based on an extended version of the S600 . Despite the length and lack of side struts, body rigidity is kept at a high level. The huge fabric roof, covering two rows of seats at once, is folded by electric drives in just 20 seconds.

The car is equipped with an enlarged radiator grill, modified LED headlights and taillights, an Airscarf neck heating system on all 4 seats. The concept also contains columnless windows that provide unobstructed visibility for passengers with the roof removed ^[36] .

Модификации S63 и S65 — самые мощные версии S-класса, параллельно выпускаемые подразделением Mercedes-AMG . Обе версии были представлены в 2006 году. S63 AMG производился в версии со стандартной и удлиненной (+130 мм) базой, S65 AMG — только с длинной базой. Привод — только на задние колеса .

Изначально Mercedes-Benz S63 AMG в кузове W221 оснащался атмосферным V-образным 8-цилиндровым двигателем M156, первым самостоятельно разработанным мотором AMG. Индекс S63 не является точным отражением объёма двигателя: рабочий объём составляет не 6,3, а 6,2 л (6208 куб. см). Обозначение S63 — дань памяти модели Mercedes-Benz 300SEL 6.3 AMG (кузов W109), гражданской версии гоночного седана, победившего в суточном кольцевом марафоне Спа-Франкошам в 1971 году ^[37] . Двигатель M156 устанавливается на целый ряд моделей AMG с индексом 63 и имеет разные выходные характеристики. На S63 AMG мотор развивал 525 л. with. работал в паре с 7-ступенчатой автоматической трансмиссией AMG Speedshift, спортивной версией гидромеханического «автомата» 7G-Tronic .

Ещё более мощный Mercedes-Benz S65 AMG оснащается V-образным 12-цилиндровым двигателем с двумя турбокомпрессорами . AMG-версия мотора M275 от S600 на S65 W221 развивала 612 л. with. Как и Mercedes-Benz S600, S65 AMG оснащается усиленным 5-ступенчатым «автоматом». Разгон до 200 км/ч — 13,3 с.

В ходе рестайлинга в 2009 году S63 и S65 получили новые фары и задние фонари, другие бамперы и наружные зеркала, светодиодные дневные огни. Отличительные черты модификаций — два сдвоенных патрубка выпускной системы: на S65 они овальные, на S63 — трапециевидные. Отдача двигателей и динамические характеристики седанов не изменились, однако снизился расход топлива, несмотря на то, что машины стали тяжелее (кроме «короткого» S63). S63 с длинной базой прибавил 25 кг, S65 — 10 кг.

В 2010 году одновременно с рестайлингом купе Mercedes CL (кузов C216) ^[38] , в том числе AMG-модификаций, были представлены обновления S-класса от AMG. Модель S63 AMG сохранила индекс, но получила совершенно новый двигатель. Мотор M157 собран в подразделении Mercedes-AMG на основе нового битурбированного V8 двигателя с индексом M278 , который с конца 2010 года заменил прежние атмосферные V8 ( M273 ) на моделях Mercedes-Benz с индексом 500 ^[39] . Новый двигатель с меньшим рабочим объёмом получил двойной турбонаддув и непосредственный впрыск третьего поколения. Расход топлива обновлённого S63 сократился на 27 %.

На автомобиль установили новую автоматическую 7-ступенчатую трансмиссию AMG Speedshift MCT, которая вместо гидротрансформатора имеет т. н. «мокрое» многодисковое сцепление. Как и предшественница она умеет самостоятельно выполнять «перегазовку» (двойной выжим сцепления) ^[3] .

Mercedes S65 AMG изменился меньше, но сохранил статус одного из самых мощных серийных седанов в мире ^{[40] [41]} . Прибавил 18 л. with. в мощности (630 л. с.), 5 кг в массе (2275 кг) и снизил расход топлива ещё на 0,1 л (14,3 л/100 км) ^[42] .

Также автомобили получили систему «Torque Vectoring Brake», имитирующую работу активного заднего межколёсного дифференциала ^[43] .

S 400 Hybrid

В 2009 году после обновления S-класса появилась модель W221 с гибридной силовой установкой. Представлена она была на автосалоне в Чикаго ^[44] .

Модель S400 hybrid представляет собой первый гибридный автомобиль с литий-ионным аккумулятором ^{[45] [46]} , предоставленным фирмой Continental AG ^[46] . Топливные элементы предоставила компания «Johnson Controls-Saft» ^[47] .

Автомобиль оснащается 3.5-литровым бензиновым мотором V6, развивающим мощность в 220 кВт / 279 л. с., а также 20-сильным электромотором, который помогает автомобилю на разгоне и может работать как генератор на торможении. Кроме того, гибридный S-класс комплектуется системой «Старт-Стоп» . В итоге расход топлива составляет всего 7.9 литров на сто километров ^{[17] [48]} .

В продажу автомобиль поступил с августа 2009 года ( США ) ^[49] , доставка дилерам наладилась в октябре ^[50] . Японские модели поступили в продажу в октябре 2009 года ^[51] .

Vision S 500 Plug-in Hybrid

На Франкфуртском автосалоне 2009 года дебютировал прототип второй гибридной модификации S-класса — S500 Plug-in HYBRID. Машина оснащается 279-сильным бензиновым двигателем V6 3.5 с системой непосредственного впрыска нового поколения, а также 60-сильным (250 Н·м ) электромотором, который подзаряжает литиево-ионные батареи и собирает энергию при торможении. Причём аккумуляторы заряжаются и от электросети. В зависимости от напряжения восстановление энергозапаса занимает от часа до четырёх с половиной.

На одной электротяге автомобиль преодолеет не более 30 км, а после вступит в строй ДВС. По данным Mercedes-Benz, уровень выбросов CO ₂ у такого гибрида составляет 74 грамма на километр, что на 28 граммов меньше, чем у гибрида Toyota Prius . Средний расход топлива составляет 3,2 литра на сто километров пробега, а разгон до «сотни» занимает 5,5 секунды. Когда Mercedes-Benz S 500 Plug-in HYBRID появится в серии пока не сообщается ^{[52] [53]} .

SV12 R Biturbo 800

Под названием Brabus SV12 R Biturbo 800 тюнинг-ателье Brabus выпустило самый быстрый на момент выхода Mercedes-Benz S-класса ^[54] . Объём базового 5.5-литрового битурбированного двигателя V12 (517 л. с., 830 Н·м) был увеличен до 6.3 л, кроме того мотор получил доработанные цилиндры и поршни, новые турбокомпрессоры с четырьмя интеркулерами , распредвалы , впускные коллекторы и программу управления двигателем. Благодаря этим доработкам двигатель стал выдавать мощность в 800 л. with. и 1420 Н·м крутящего момента. Но из-за ограничений усиленной 5-ступенчатой автоматической коробки передач его пришлось принудительно ограничить электроникой на отметке 1100 Н·м. Кроме того, автомобиль получил фирменный дифференциал повышенного трения с 40-процентной блокировкой.

По данным фирмы-производителя до 100 км/ч автомобиль разгоняется за 3,9 с, до 200 км/ч — за 10,3 с, а максимальная скорость составляет 350 км/ч ^[55] . Для автомобиля предлагается новый модуль управления активной подвеской ABC, занижающий автомобиль на 15 мм, 21-дюймовые колёсные легкосплавные диски с покрышками Pirelli или Yokohama (на выбор), 12-поршневые тормозные механизмы с 380-миллиметровыми дисками на передней оси и 6-поршневые с 355-миллиметровыми дисками на задней ^[54] .

Салон новинки также подвергся модификации: сиденья обшиты кремовой кожей, а в багажнике установлен компьютер компании Apple , который является частью продвинутой мультимедийной системы « iBusiness » с тремя мониторами, возможностью подключения iPad и управления всеми её функциями с помощью iPhone ^{[56] [57]} .

11 мая 2009 года компания Mercedes-Benz объявила о продаже 270 000 единиц автомобиля W221 с момента его запуска в серийное производство ^[58] . Самой продаваемой моделью стала S500 с двигателем V8 . Наиболее важными рынками сбыта для компании стали рынки таких стран, как США , Китай и Германия .

Всего за время производства было выпущено более 516 000 автомобилей W221:

• 85 900 в 2006 году ^[59] ;
• 85 500 в 2007 году ^[59] ;
• 90 600 в 2008 году ^[60] ,
• 53 400 в 2009 году ^[61] ;
• 66 500 в 2010 году ^[62] ;
• 68 969 в 2011 году;
• 65 128 в 2012 году.

• Награда «Золотой руль» от «Bild am Sonntag», Германия , ноябрь 2005 ^[58] .
• Звание «Топовый роскошный автомобиль» по версии «Motor-Informations-Dienst», Германия , декабрь 2005 ^[58] .
• Звание «Лучший автомобиль в классе-люкс» по версии журнала «What Car?», Великобритания , январь 2006 ^[58] .
• Награда «Fleet Car of the year» от «Firmenwagen», Австрия , март 2006 ^[58] .
• Награда «Car of the Year Awards» и звание «Лучший автомобиль люкс-класса с ценой более $ 60 000 » по версии журнала «Drive», Австралия , 2006 ^[69] .
• Награда «British Insurance Car Security Award» за безопасность, 2006 ^[70] .
• Награда «Automotive Design Award» за дизайн по версии журнала «Wheels», 2006.
• Награда «EuroCarBody Award 2005» от «Automotive Circle International (ACI)», 2006 ^[71] .
• Звание «Топового автомобиля класса-люкс» по версии портала «The Auto Channel», 2006 ^[72] .
• Награда «TopAuto 2006» в категории инновационных технологий за разработку автономного круиз-контроля «Distronic Plus» от «The Auto Channel», 2006.
• Награда «Автомобильный дизайн года» в категории «лучшие сиденья», 2006 ^[73] .
• Награда «Auto Trophy» от журнала «Auto Zeitung», Германия , ноябрь 2007 ^[58] .
• Первое место в своей категории (наряду с Audi A8 ) в рейтинге наименьшего количества проблем после 90 дней с момента покупки автомобиля от глобального маркетингового сервиса « JD Power and Associates » ^[74] ;
• Награда «Automotive Excellence Award for Safety» за безопасность от американского научно-популярного журнала Popular Mechanics , 2007 ^[75] .
• Награда «Safety Award» за безопасность от издания «What Car?», Великобритания , 2007 ^[76] .
• Награда «Best Car Awards» от немецкого издания «Auto, Motor und Sport», январь 2008 ^[58] .

•  

  S500 L с AMG пакетом

•  

  V221 после фейслифтинга, вид спереди

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  V221 после фейслифтинга, вид сзади

•  

  S65 AMG

•  

  S300 BlueTEC Hybrid

•  

  Автомобиль Королевской тайской полиции

• Martin Häußermann. Mercedes-Benz S-Class: The brochures since 1952. — Delius Klasing, 2006. — ISBN 3768817202 .
• Martin Häußermann. . — Mercedes-Benz — The Large Coupés: The brochures since 1951, 2006. — ISBN 3768818330 .
• Schlegelmilch, Rainer W.; Lehbrink, Hartmut; von Osterroth, Jochen. Mercedes. — Ullmann Publishing, 2013. — ISBN 9783848002672 .
• James Taylor. Mercedes-Benz S-Class 1972-2013. — The Crowood Press, 2014. — ISBN 9781847975959 .