Turkmens ( turkmen . Türkmenler ) are the Turkic - speaking people of ancient Musical descent , constituting the main population of Turkmenistan , as well as historically living in Uzbekistan , in northeastern Iran , in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. The Turkmen of Turkey , Iraq and Syria are descendants of the Turkmen who moved from the territories of modern Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to the Middle East and Anatolia starting mainly from the 11th century [15] [16] . In Byzantine sources, then in the European, and later in the American tradition, the Turkmens were called Turk [17] [18] [19] , in the countries of the Near and Middle East also the Turkoman , and also Torkemen , the Terekeme , and in Ancient Russia - Tormen. in tsarist Russia, they are also Turkoman and trukhmen [20] .
| Turkmen | |
|---|---|
| Modern self | turk. Türkmenler |
| Abundance and area | |
| Total: about 8 million people | |
 Latvia : 46 (2010 rating) [14] | |
| Tongue | Turkmen |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
| Enters into | Turkic peoples |
| Origin | Iranian, Oguz |
They speak the Turkmen language of the Oguz subgroup of Turkic languages . Religiously traditionally Muslims - Sunnis . The total number is over 8 million people [21] .
Ethnogenesis
The origin of the Turkmen is primarily associated with the Oghuz , one of the oldest Turkic peoples , the ancestor of which was Oguz Khan . According to Abul-Ghazi , Oguz-khan could live four thousand years before the time of the Prophet Muhammad [22] , and the Soviet historian O. Tumanovich refers the period of Oguz-khan's life to the 7th c. BC [23] .
From the most ancient times, the tribal groups that lived in the vast expanses of Eurasia, from Altai to the Black Sea, called by the ancient authors the Scythians in general, took part in the ethnogenesis of the Turkmen people. However, as shown by the latest materials and studies, the main core of the Turkmen people were local tribes and ethnic groups, the aborigines of Turan and Khorasan. Turkmens, like other peoples, possess distinctive features inherent only to them, which have been formed for many centuries from various ethnic, racial and linguistic groups.
The direct ancestors of the Central Asian Turkmen were the inhabitants of the ancient states of the territory of modern Turkmenistan and neighboring countries, in antiquity on these lands were such states as Margiana , Parthia and Khorezm , evidence from this ethnographic and anthropological studies. The archaeological, anthropological, written, folklore and ethnographic materials accumulated so far make it possible to draw some analogies between the ancient, ancient, medieval and modern inhabitants (inhabitants) of Turkmenistan and establish the ethnic interrelation and cultural continuity between them. In the early stages of ethnogenesis Turkmen played a large part sedentary and semi-nomadic tribes of the West Turan (ie modern Turkmenistan) - margiantsy , Parthians , Khorezm , Hyrkanians , horasantsy, Dakho - Massaget tribes augasii guys imirgiytsy, Alans , Hephthalites and others many of which were Proto-Türkic , Oguz-Turkmen tribes [24] [25] [26] [27] .
Strong evidence of the local origin of the Turkmen are anthropological data. Based on a comparative study of paleo-anthropological materials from the territory of Turkmenistan with the anthropology of modern Turkmen, the researcher L. Oshanin concluded that the local autochthonous dolichocephalic race, called Trans-Caspian, clearly dominates the composition of the Turkmen [28] . This fact was confirmed and supplemented by new evidence by other anthropologists.
Turkmens are the only people in Central Asia belonging to the above-named long-headed Caucasoid race. Until recently, the Turkmens, by artificial deformation of the head of newborns, with the help of special skullcaps (chile tahya) and wrapping the head with a scarf, supported this ancient tradition of ancestors [29] .
Factors such as contemporary folk decorative art and domestic crafts that have ancient traditions also help to learn the roots of the Turkmen people. This is primarily carpets, embroidery, jewelry, etc. On ceramics and ceramic products (large vessels found in burials and residential premises) of Southern Turkmenistan V-III millennia BC there are images of the central ornament and peripheral ornaments of the Salyr, Tekine, and Yomud carpets, and they, like the modern Turkmen carpets, turned out to be completely unique, as they are found only on the territory of modern Turkmenistan.
When studying the Turkmen women's jewelry, the famous ethnographer G.Vasilyeva came to the conclusion that the common features of such decorations of the majority of Turkmen tribal groups, the manner of their wearing testify to a single ethnic tradition of the Turkmen people. In the study of archaeological finds in the territory of Southern Turkmenistan and adjacent areas of 5-7 centuries. and 9-14 centuries., revealed their great similarity with the decorations of modern Turkmen. Based on these data, the ethnic continuity and cultural continuity of the present-day Turkmen with the ancient population of the western part of Central Asia, the Hun (4th-5th cc. AD) and even the Parthian - Kangyuy (more than 2 thousand years ago) periods becomes apparent [30 ] .
Migration processes and aggressive invasions also left noticeable traces in the ethnogenesis of the Turkmen. First of all, this is the Arab invasion in the 7th century, which brought a new religion - Islam. Among the Turkmens, the so-called Ovlyad were distinguished - the Khoja, Yishi, Mahtum, Ata and Seyyid tribes, who were descended from the Arab caliphs and enjoyed certain privileges, above all - inviolability. They adhered to endogamous marriages, concluded them between tribesmen or, in extreme cases, within the aforementioned Ovlyadian tribes. But they also took brides from other tribes, which led to their strong confusion with the local population. As part of the Turkmen tribes (Teke, Karadashli, etc.), the genus "arap" also stood out.
Mongol rule in the XIII century. left a relatively minor mark in the ethnogenesis and appearance of the Turkmen. Their further formation was greatly influenced by ethnocultural ties with neighbors. For example, the Turkmen tribes Chovdur, Ersary, Saryk, Salyr, etc., who lived next to the peoples of the Kypchak group of Turkic peoples in the north and east, were anthropologically type with a large admixture of the Mongoloid race, and the tribes who lived for a long time next to Iranian peoples (Persians, Kurds) in the south had a very small admixture of the Mongolian race.
Dakho-Massagets, ancient Turks, medieval Oghuz-Turkmen were divided into tribes and clans, united into tribal federations. Turkmens had a common pedigree of their origin. Based on its Rashid-ad-Din (XIV century), and in the XVII century. Abu al-Ghazi wrote their famous works. Numerous versions of the pedigree (hejer) and folk legends about the origin of the Turkmen were also preserved.
In the VIII-X centuries. There was a process of unification of the Oguz-Turkmen tribes settled in the vast territory of Central and Central Asia. Their struggle with the Pechenegs in the X century. on the Volga, the consolidation of a certain territory behind them, the unity of the language, belief in the supreme god Tangra, the statement among them the self-name “Turkmen” resulted in the 10th century. to their even greater consolidation. This circumstance created favorable conditions for the movement of the Oghuz-Turkmen tribes to the south-west. As a result, most of the Turkmen were in Asia Minor ( Anatolia ), where they later founded the Ottoman Empire [31] .
The migrations of the Turkmen tribes followed the tribesmen who had gone to the west until the 18th century, as evidenced by the common spiritual culture of the Turkmen living in their historical homeland and those Turkmen who, having gone far from their native places, formed an impressive diaspora. It is enough to name the epics common for several Turkic-speaking peoples ( Gorkut Ata , Oguznam , Gyorogly ), as well as destans and other folklore works. The tribes remaining in Turkmenistan to retain their independence were united in military alliances, although remnants of tribal relations remained until the 20th century. The largest Turkmen tribes (Teke, Yomud, Ersary, Salyr, Geoklen, Nokhurly, Saryk, etc.) differed by the characteristics of the dialect, clothing and some rituals. Their traditional occupations were farming, cattle breeding, various crafts and domestic crafts. Vintage samples of applied art (first of all, carpets and jewelry) testify to the high level of folk artistic culture.
Starting from the X century. (and even earlier) all Turkmen tribes united the self-name “Turkmen”. Representatives of those tribes to the question: what kind of people (ili) are they from, first of all, answered that they were Turkmen, and did not call themselves by the name of their tribe.
Genetics
The Y chromosomal haplogroup Q dominates in the Turkmen of Karakalpakstan (Teke, Arsary, Yomud, Saryk, Uker, Oliz) - 73%. In Iranian Turkmen is 43%, in Turkmen of Afghanistan - 34%. Very rare among Turkmen Stavropol (clan chowder, igdir, soyunadzhi) - 2% [32] . According to the works of Zerdzhal [33] , Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA) and Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA) in Turkmen are 23.8%.
Society
The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary , published at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, noted that the Turkmen "are in language most of all akin to Ottoman Turks and Azerbaijanis " [34] .
The traditional occupation is carpet - making , agriculture , nomadic cattle-breeding , koshmovalyanie , silk weaving . Turkmen are known for horse breeding , especially Akhal-Teke .
Tribal division
Like other Central Asian peoples, the Turkmen have long maintained their division into tribes and clans. According to Abul-Ghazi’s “Pedigree of the Turkmen” [35] , Oguz Khan is the ancient ancestor of the Turkmen. Oguz Khan had six sons and twenty-four grandsons from the main wives of his sons. Twenty-four grandsons became the ancestors of the most ancient Turkmen (Oguz) tribes. These tribes are also given in the work of Rashid ad-Din “Oguz-name” [36] , here is their list:
1. Gayy (kayi)
2. Bayat
3. Akoyli (Alkarevli)
4. Garaoili
5. Yazyr
6. Duger (Doc)
7. Dodurga
8. Yaparly
9. Avshar
10. Kyzyk
11. Begdili
12. Garkyn (Karkyn)
13. Bayandir
14. Bechene (Pecheneg)
15. Chovdur (Chavuldur)
16. Chebni (Dzhebni)
17. Salyr (Salur, Salor)
18. Amir (Eymour)
19. Alayontli (Alauntlu)
20. Uregir
21. Yigdyr
22. Byugdüz
23. Yiva
24. Kynyk
Subsequently, as part of these tribes, individual clans were distinguished and consolidated, which gave rise to the formation of new Turkmen tribes. Largest Turkmen tribes of the last several centuries :
Teke (Teke),
yomudas
Ersary ,
tongues,
alili ,
salyry ,
Chovduras , and
gokleny .
At present, Turkmen have been formed into a single Turkmen nation, where historical tribal affiliation does not play a special role.
Resettlement
Turkmen in Iran
Turkmen in Afghanistan
Turkmen in Russia
According to the 2002 census , 33,000 Turkmen live in Russia.
Historically, several Turkmen clans live in the northeast of the Stavropol Territory (see Trukhmeny ) and in the Astrakhan Region ( Atal , Funtovo-1,2), see Turkmen Atal .
| Subject of Russia | Number in 2002, thousand people ( * ) |
|---|---|
| Stavropol region | 13.9 |
| Moscow | 2.2 |
| Astrakhan region | 1,3 |
| Subjects are shown with a population of over 1000 people |
Ethnographic groups
There are several ethnographic groups in the Turkmen ethnos [37] :
- alili
- arabachi
- Astrakhan Turkmen
- bayati
- gokleny
- ermeli
- yomudas
- mashryki (mashryklar)
- karadashly (tongues)
- Kyrkyns
- makhtumy
- mukra
- purred
- Nohurli (Nukhur)
- Nurata Turkmen
- huts [38] :
- hodge
- shihi (sheikhs)
- seyyids
- magty
- Musical Jewelery
- ata
- ogurdzhali
- Olama
- Sakaras
- salori (salyr)
- Saryk
- Sayats
- Stavropol Turkmen (Trukhmen)
- Teke (Teke)
- Hasari
- Khatab
- Chovdura
- emreli
- Ersari
- eski
Anthropology
Anthropologically Turkmen refer to the Caspian type [39] with a Mongoloid admixture [39] .
The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron , published in the late XIX - early XX centuries, gives the following description of the anthropology of the Turkmen:
| The purer type was preserved by chaudars, which are distinguished by a weaker physique and a smaller head than those of the Kirghiz, a more conical than a round skull, and a height of 5-6 feet. As the southern borders of the Transcaspian lowland are approached, the features of Iranian impurity are even more pronounced, facial vegetation becomes more abundant, cheekbone protrusion is less noticeable, and only small, somewhat oblique eyes point to Turkic origin. A real Caucasian type is already speaking among the Tekkins, as well as among the Ottomans akin to the Turkmen. The same can be said in general about the Turkmen more or less neighboring Northern Iran, although their skin color is whiter than that of the Persians, and their constitution is stronger than that of a thin Iranian. In women, the Turkic type is more noticeable, despite the significant percentage of them being Persian women: the cheekbones are more prominent, and the hair on the head is relatively scarce. Beautiful female types resemble beauties-osmanok. Prof. Yavorsky, who carried out anthropometric research among Turkmen, mainly among Tekke , gives the following data on the type of this numerous branch of Turkmen. Addition of the body is dominated by lean, but there is a significant% of moderately well-fed and full (26 out of 59). Growth is high, medium: 1.694, in particular, with a tech of 1,700. Breast circumference 862, growth ratio 50.88. Skin color in open areas: prevailing - bronze tanned (in 31 people), then yellowish-pale (in 15 people), but there is light (in 4); in closed places it is generally lighter. Hair color: on the head and beard is predominantly dark, but there are also dark brown ones. The hair on the head is shaved, and the beard is often smooth, occasionally curly. One subject has a beard length of 97 stm. The color of the rayk is dark (brown), but there is a large% of light gray (24%). Lips moderate, fairly full, straight. The shape of the skull is characteristic: it looks like a pusher, stretched backwards and upwards, towards the crown, sometimes quite flat. The head is quite large, wider than high. The shape of the forehead prevails rounded. Ears large, sticking out. The direction of the palpebral fissure is horizontal. The facial angle, according to Kamper, ranges between 70 ° —80 °. Head pointer ranges between 68.69 and 81.78; dominated by dolichocephalus; medium: 75.64 (subdolichocephalic). The diameter of the anteroposterior largest average is 193, the horizontal head circumference is average 548. The facial line is average 185, the facial indicator is average 69.73, the nasal indicator is average 66.66 [40] . |
Gallery
- Image Gallery
Turkmen in national dress on Akhal-Teke
Turkmen, camel driver. Photo of Prokudin-Gorsky made in 1904-1916
Turkmen wedding
Turkmen girl
Turkmen women perform national kushtdepdi dance
Turkmen in national dress at the parade of Independence
Turkmen children in national clothes at the Independence Parade
Turkmen in national clothes present bread to the President of Russia
Turkmen aksakal
Turkmen fan of FC "Rubin" in national clothes
See also
- Syrian Turkmen are the people in Syria .
- Turkomans (Turkmen or Iraqi Turkmen) are the people in Iraq .
- Turkish Turkmen - ethnic group in Turkey .
- Turkmen Atala
- Turkmen language
- Oguzes
- Yuryuk - Anatolian Turkmen.
- Turkmen steppe
Notes
- ↑ CIA World Factbook Turkmenistan
- ↑ CIA - The World Factbook
- ↑ CIA - The World Factbook
- Information on the national composition of the resident population of the Republic of Uzbekistan (not available link)
- ↑ At your own risk. How do Turkmen illegals live in Turkey
- ↑ http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=SUBSITES&page=SUBSITES&id=434fdc702
- ↑ National composition of the population of the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census
- ↑ Stavropol region has made a rating of nationalities living in the region
- ↑ Volume 3. National composition and language proficiency, citizenship of the population of the Republic of Tajikistan (Not available link) . The appeal date is February 5, 2013. Archived October 14, 2013.
- ↑ & n_page = 5 All-Ukrainian census of 2001. The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue . State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.
- ↑ 2009 Population Census of the Republic of Belarus. Population by nationality and mother tongue . belstat.gov.by. The date of circulation is October 16, 2011. Archived on February 3, 2012.
- ↑ Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics. Census 2009. Archival copy dated May 1, 2012 on the Wayback Machine ( National population Archival copy dated May 11, 2011 on Wayback Machine .rar)
- ↑ National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic 2009.
- Distribution of the population of Latvia by ethnic composition and state affiliation as of 01.07.2010 (Latvian)
- ↑ D. E. Eremeev. Ethnogenesis Turks: (The origin and the main stages of ethn. History). . - Science, 1971. - 276 p.
- ↑ http://static.iea.ras.ru/books/Guboglo_TURKI.pdf
- ↑ D. Yeremeyev. Turkic ethnogenesis . M. - Science (1971). - “At the end of the XI century. In the Byzantine chronicles, for the first time, Turkmen were introduced to Asia Minor. Anna Komnina calls them Turkomans. ”.
- ↑ Peter Hopkirk. The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia (1994).
- ↑ Merriam-Webster. Turkoman Neopr . - “Turkoman: a member of a Turkic-speaking traditionally nomadic people living chiefly in Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Iran.”
- ↑ M. Bayramov. Are the Oguzes and Turkmen the same people and a little about the ethnonym Turkmen (Turkoman) (2017). - "Long since the Russians and Tatars traveled from Astrakhan by companies on small vessels and there had been trading with Trukhmenians or Turkomans."
- ↑ Turkic Peoples
- ↑ Abu l Ghazi. Turkmen pedigree . Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (1958).
- ↑ O.Tumanovich. Turkmenistan and Turkmen . Turkmen State Publishing House, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (1926).
- ↑ A. Dzhikiev. Turkmen . Historical and cultural heritage of Turkmenistan . UNDP (2000).
- ↑ M. Bayramov. On the origin of the Turkmen . “If we compare the names of the Massaget tribes with the Oghuz, as the Soviet scholar and historian S.P. Tolstov was the first to do, then here we find a large number of coincidences: the Massageto-Turanian tribe dah-tokhar is the Oguz-Turkmen tribe Düger (variants of the name Duker, Tuver, Togar), Pasian is the Oguz-Turkmen Pecheneg tribe (Bechene), Sakaravaka is the Turkmen Sakar tribe, and Asia is the Oguz-Turkmen tribe of the Yazur (modern Turkmen Ases, tongue). The Turkmen historian of the Soviet period, G.I. Karpov, also compared tribal names, and came to the conclusion that the Massaget tribe of Atasia is the Turkmen tribe Ata, the Astaben is a unit of the Atabay Turkmen Yomud, the Amirgian Saki is the Oguz-Turkmen tribe Eimir, and also modern Turkmen tribe emreli. Same S.P.Tolstov identified the Turoan-Massaget ethnonym "augas" with the name "Oguz". "
- ↑ O.Tumanovich. Turkmenistan and Turkmen . Turkmen State Publishing House, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (1926). - “The origin of the Scythians (Sakas, chisels) is not the same, and it is assumed that the leading mass of the Scythian nations is of purely Turkic origin, and the conquered, agricultural part is of the Aryan. Thus, we can assume that the Turks began to penetrate into Central Asia (in the total mass of the Sakas) long before Xr. era.
- ↑ L. Gumilyov. String of history . “The Parthians are about our Turkmen. Everyone remembers the verses of Pushkin: "We recognize the Parthians of the pitiful / By the tall hoods." So, Turkmen still wear high hats. This is Parthian clothing. This people was very few, but very militant and warlike. They created a truly aristocratic system, the closest politically to the feudal system. "
- ↑ L.Oshanin. The anthropological composition of the population of Central Asia and the ethnogenesis of its peoples . “All this leaves no doubt that the dolichocephalous Caucasoid race, and still clearly prevailing among the Turkmen, is a local, autochthonous race, apparently here in the Transcaspian steppes, which has been formed. Initially, it was part of the local ancient tribes of the Transcaspian, bearing the general name of the Saka (Scythian) tribes. ”
- ↑ N. Dubova. Anthropological cover of Turkmenistan in antiquity and in our days . St. Petersburg (2009). ““ Judging by the traces left on the turtles, almost immediately after the birth of the child, a tight bandage was applied to his head, one part of which covered the back of the head, and the other was placed on the crown, closer to the forehead or behind, almost at the top of the head… Modern Turkmen not so widely used this tradition. However, some of their groups have a much longer head than others. But the ancient custom, which, as we now know, has its roots in at least II millennium BC (and perhaps even in earlier times), remains practically throughout the territory of Turkmenistan, and its existence depends more likely on social preferences, and not on the tribal affiliation of parents. ”
- ↑ M. Bayramov. ON THE ORIGIN OF TURKMEN Neopr (2016).
- ↑ V. Barthold. 12 lectures on the history of the Turkish peoples of Central Asia . Almaty: Zhalyn (1993). “At that time, Turkmen lived in the same state of political anarchy as they had throughout their history; It is characteristic that the people, from which the founders of the most powerful Turkish empires, Seljuk and Ottoman, came out, never had their own statehood. ”
- ↑ The gene pool of Karakalpakstan Turkmen in the context of Central Asia
- ↑ Zerjal et al. A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia // AJHG. - 2002. - № 71 (3) . - p . 466-482 .
- Б Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron / Turkmen - Wikisource . ru.wikisource.org. The date of appeal is November 5, 2017.
- ↑ Abu-el-Ghazi "The genealogy of the Turkmen" . turkmenhistory.narod.ru. The appeal date is May 27, 2018.
- ↑ PHASALLALLAH RASHID AD-DIN-> OGUZ-HINT-> INTRODUCTION . www.vostlit.info. The appeal date is May 27, 2018.
- ↑ Russian Museum of Ethnography. Glossary. Turkmen (not available link) Verified June 7, 2019.
- ↑ Sergey Demidov. Turkmen Ovlyady and the Prophet Mohammed .
- ↑ 1 2 Anthropology. Textbook to topic 6 . (For several millennia on the shores of the Caspian) . web-local.rudn.ru . The appeal date is June 7, 2019.Original text (rus.)Turkmen was studied by many anthropologists, among them worked well-known anthropologist of the 20-30s A.I. Yarkho. He left a large, very thoughtful study of the anthropological type of the Turkmen people, people with a noticeable Mongoloid admixture, more than the Uzbeks, and sometimes quite with a Mongoloid physiognomy, related to them with the Kazakhs or even with the Kirghiz. But if we exclude this impurity, if we mentally “remove” the late Mongoloid raid mentally from the physical type of Turkmen, which Yarkho did, then the Turkmen can be recognized, like Azerbaijanis, as representatives of the Caspian type, and, therefore, of the Indo-Afghan race.
Historically, it looked like this: some ancient people with the features of the Indo-Afghan race moved from their original habitats - from Afghanistan or Northern India - to the north: to the oases of the deserts of Central Asia and Eastern Transcaucasia. In the first case, they formed the basis of the Turkmen, in the second they became the main component in the future core of the Azerbaijani people. - ↑ Turkmeny . Brockhaus-Efron. Archived February 13, 2012.
Literature
- G. Vasilyeva. The history of the ethnographic study of the Turkmen people in Russian science (end of the XVIII - XX centuries): Essays / Ed. ed. V.I. Bushkov ; Reviewers: R. Sh. Dzharylgasinova , О. B. Naumova; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N. N. Miklukho-Maclay of the Russian Academy of Sciences . - M .: Science , 2003. - 200 p. - 520 copies - ISBN 5-02-008906-0 . (in the lane)
- Turkmen // Peoples of Russia. Atlas of cultures and religions. - M .: Design. Information. Cartography , 2010. - 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8 .
- Turkmen // Ethnoatlas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / Council of the Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Public Relations Office; Ch. ed. R. G. Rafikov ; Editorial: V.P. Krivonogov , R. D. Tsokayev. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - Krasnoyarsk: Platinum (PLATINA), 2008. - 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-98624-092-3 . Archived copy of November 29, 2014 on Wayback Machine
- Turkmen in the Central Asian interfluve. Ashgabat 1989