Myriostomy

Scientific synonyms ^[1] :

• Lycoperdon coliforme Dicks. , 1785 basionym
• Myriostoma anglicum Desv. , 1809
• Geastrum coliforme (Dicks.) Pers. , 1801
• Geastrum columnatum Lév. 1846
• Polystoma coliforme (Dicks.) Gray , 1821

Russian names: myriostomy perforated.

The generic name was first used in 1809 in an article by the French botanist Devoe , published in the Parisian Journal de Botanique. ^[2] The species was first described as Lycoperdon coliforme in 1776 in England . ^[3]

The binominal name Myriostoma coliforme Corda was first given in 1842 by Czech mycologist A. Kordoy in Anleitung zum Studium der Mykologie. ^[four]

The generic name Myriostoma is derived from the Greek μυριάς ( myrias ), ten thousand, countless, and στόμα ( stoma ), mouth, mouth; specific epithet coliforme - from the Latin colis , stem, stem, and forma , form.

Scientific synonyms ^[5] :

• Bovistoides Lloyd , 1919
• Polystoma Gray , 1821

Ground fungus-small-size gastromycete . Fruiting body from spherical to flattened, ground, less often develops as underground, later coming to the surface; before opening 1–5 (8) cm in diameter, after opening 3–5–10 (18.5) ^[6] cm in diameter (up to the tips of the blades); brownish, smooth or slightly scaly before disclosure of exoperidia ; it is connected to the substrate by a bundle of rhizomorphs. False leg is missing.

Exoperidia is thick, consists of three layers - mycelial , fibrous and pseudo-parenchymal , in mature mushrooms it breaks into pointed lobes, often bending down, which gives the fruiting body a star-like shape. ^{[7] [8] The} mycelial layer is light brown or yellowish, not encrusted with the remnants of the substrate, usually cracks longitudinally and becomes scaly, partly preserved even in wintered specimens. ^{[6] The} fibrous layer is leathery, whitish to yellowish-brown, sometimes with longitudinal cracks. The pseudoparenchymatous layer in young mushrooms is 5–6 mm thick, whitish or yellowish, later dry, brittle, brown, ocher, sometimes reddish, and in overwintered specimens it is almost black; it is revealed on 4-12 (18) ^[8] , as a rule - 6-10 ^[6] , very rarely (in 1 case out of 150) - 4 ^[9] , pointed blades, which usually bend down and, resting on the ground, lift up the gleb, dressed endoperidium, which contributes to the dispersion of the dispute. The blades are not hygroscopic . The inner surface of the blades is light brown, later fading, becoming grayish; in recently opened specimens - with specks of adhering endoperidia.

A spore sac from spherical to flattened, 1.5–6 cm in diameter, sits on 5–19 (30) ^[9] thin, short (0.1–0.5 cm long) legs. Legs in section from cylindrical to angular or flattened, simple, occasionally branched, whitish or brownish. In fresh specimens, the legs are practically invisible.

The endoperidium is thin, membranous, naked, often uneven, grayish-brown or lead-gray, with a silver sheen, in the opened specimens with an immature gleba almost silver. It reveals in the upper part of the fruit body 5-30 (68) ^[6] small, 0.5-3 mm in diameter, rounded holes with fringed edges, initially slightly raised, then flat. The number of holes corresponds to the number of legs on which the spore bag sits. Occasionally there are no holes.

In young mushrooms, Gleba is light and dense, in mature mushrooms it is dark brown, powdery. The smell of overripe mushrooms is strong, reminiscent of the smell of curry ^[10] ; taste unexpressed.

Micromorphology

Spores 4–6 µm in diameter, rounded, yellowish-brown, with an ornament up to 1 µm in height.

Capillium hyphae simple, occasionally - branched at the ends, thick-walled, yellowish-brown, 2-4 microns in diameter, with pointed endings. Bazidia with buckles, 2-4-spore. Cystides are absent.

Humus saprotroph . It grows singly or in small groups on well-drained, sandy soils, in light mixed forests, on forest edges, along river banks, in fields, on the seashore ^[6] , occasionally among grass. Fruits from September to October, although the dry fruit bodies sometimes persist throughout the year.

Widely distributed in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Currently found in northern and southern Europe , including southern England ; also in Afghanistan , Iran , Pakistan , India , South Africa , Brazil , Hawaii, and Australia , where it could be introduced. ^[11] In Russia, it is found in the European part of Russia , in the North Caucasus . Everywhere rare, included in the Red Books of 12 European countries. ^[eleven]

From the outwardly similar fungi of the genera Geastrum and Astraeus differs by the presence of several holes in the endoperidium.

Inedible mushroom . No beneficial properties reported.

• Alexander Hanchett Smith. Puffballs and their allies in Michigan. - University of Michigan Press: 1951 - pp. 131 (p. 82).
• Sunhede, S. 1989. Geastrae (Basidiomycotina). Morphology, ecology and systematics with special emphasis on the North European species. (Sinopsis Fungorum 1). - Fungiflora, 1989. text
• DN Pegler et al. British puffballs, earthstars and stinkhorns. - Kew Publishing, 1995. - 265 p. (p. 112) ( text )
• Sunhede, S. Geastrae (Basidiomycotina). Morphology, ecology and systematics with special emphasis on the North European species. (Sinopsis Fungorum 1). - Oslo: Fungiflora, 1989. - 535 p. (p. 468) ( text )
• Carleton Rea. British Basidiomycetae: a handbook to the larger British fungi. - Cambridge: Univesity press, 1922. - 746-754 p. (p. 39) ( text )
• David Arora. Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. - Ten Speed ​​Press: 1986–959 p. (p. 704)
• Michael Jordan The encyclopedia of Britain and Europe. - Frances Lincoln, 2004. - 384 p. (p. 362)
• Tony Young. A field guide to the fungi of Australia. - University of New South Wales Press, 2004. - 248 p. (p. 211)

• The myriostomy is cervical on the Ecosystem website.
• Myriostoma neck on Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew .
• Myriostomy is cervical on the RogersMushrooms website.