Order of St. Anne

In 1725, Peter I gave his eldest daughter Anna for the Holstein-Gottorp duke Karl Friedrich. In 1728, Anna Petrovna died in the German duchy shortly after childbirth. On February 14, 1735, in memory of his beloved wife, the Duke established the Order of St. Anne (named after St. Anne , mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary). The order had one degree, the number of cavaliers was limited to fifteen. The rank of Colonel and above gave the right to be awarded.

After the death of Karl Friedrich in 1739, the throne of the Duchy of Holstein passed to his son from Anna Petrovna, Karl Peter Ulrich. In November 1742, the childless Russian Empress Elizabeth, after the transition of Karl Peter Ulrich to Orthodoxy under the name of Peter Fedorovich, proclaimed him as her nephew as her heir. The Order of St. Anne brought to Russia by him was granted to a number of persons, the son of Field Marshal Sheremetev was the first to be awarded. After the death of Elizabeth, Peter III became the Russian emperor (January 5, 1762 in the new style). He ruled for only six months and was overthrown as a result of a conspiracy organized by his wife , so that the order was not destined to become the state award of the Russian Empire under the son of Anna Petrovna.

The Holstein Order was inherited by the son of Peter III, Paul, born in 1754. His mother, Empress Catherine II , treated the order as her son’s favorite toy, allowed him to favor Russian dignitaries on his behalf, but of his own choosing. In one of the notes to Count N.I. Panin, the tutor of Pavel, she writes: “ Tell my son, perhaps, that for my day today, September 22, he put his cavalry on the Smolensk governor for his wounds, on my corps marshal for the honor of my gift, to the Siberian governor, so that in six thousand miles away people would see that their labors are in vain, on Mr. Teplov, so that he would soon recover ”. To hide from his mother the awards made by his choice, Pavel ordered to make small copies of the order, which could be screwed onto the hilt of the sword with the inside and easily covered from unwanted eyes.

In 1770, the future generalissimo A. V. Suvorov earned his first award - the Holstein Order of St. Anne " at the request of Her Majesty, from his imperial Highness Tsarevich Tsarevich ." And his father, Lieutenant General V.I. Suvorov, deserved this order even under Elizaveta Petrovna . The future Field Marshal Kutuzov also received the Order of St. Anne in 1789, when he still did not have the status of a state Russian award.

On the day of the coronation of Paul I on April 5, 1797, the Order of St. Anne was ranked among the state orders of the Russian Empire and divided into three degrees. The Order of the 3rd degree was worn on the outside of the skewer cup (in memory of the times when the order presented by Crown Prince Pavel had to be hidden from outsiders) and was intended to reward exclusively junior officers for military merit. Orders of the 1st and 2nd degrees were decorated with diamonds or diamonds. It was made of gold, stones in a silver frame.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, 225 people were awarded the Order of St. Anne of the 1st degree (including 54 with diamonds). Of these, with the exception of one colonel, all lieutenant generals and major generals, as well as 3 civilians of the corresponding class, according to the ranking table .

On December 28, 1815, the order was divided into 4 degrees: the 3rd degree, worn on the hilt of the weapon, became the 4th, and the new 3rd degree began to be worn on the chest on the tape. Since the 4th degree order badge on the weapon was small in size and red, it received the unofficial nickname "cranberry".

Since 1828, a bow was attached to the Order of the 3rd degree, issued for military merit, to distinguish it from the gentlemen who received the 3rd degree for civil merits.

In 1829, the statute of the order was issued, securing all previously made changes. Officers awarded with a 4th degree for military distinctions were additionally introduced the inscription “ For courage ” on the hilt of the melee weapon, and the order itself officially became known as the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree with the inscription “For courage” (the inscription awarded until 1829 is allowed to add only in 1855). Persons awarded the 4th degree for non-combat distinctions were not entitled to inscription, and new such awards were discontinued. The decoration of the 1st and 2nd degree orders with diamonds for Russian citizens was canceled by diamonds , but preserved to award foreigners. Instead, they introduced units for the badge of the order with the imperial crown and without it.

In 1845, a new statute of the order was approved with amended provisions on the order of awarding the order, the rights and advantages of gentlemen. So, if until 1845 all degrees of the order gave the right to hereditary nobility, then according to the new statute the hereditary nobility gave only the 1st degree, and the rest - the rights of the personal nobility.

Since 1847, the Order of the 3rd degree was awarded to officials " for immaculate 12-year service in one position no lower than the 8th grade ." For military service, the order was given for 8 years of good service with a rank not lower than the captain.

On March 19, 1855, officers awarded the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree with the inscription "For Courage" were additionally introduced on the hilt of the weapon a lanyard from the sash - " for a more visible difference ."

Since August 1855, the bow to the Order of the 3rd degree for military merit was canceled, and instead introduced for all degrees (except for the 4th) for combat distinctions, two lying swords crosswise. If the gentleman was awarded a higher degree for civil service, then the swords were transferred to new signs and fastened to the upper end of the cross and star. In December 1857, the bow was restored to distinguish officers from officials who received the order with swords for military merit. Then, during the Crimean War , it was allowed to give doctors for merit, " rendered under enemy shots ", 4th degree, but without the inscription " For courage " on the hilt of the sword; in 1859 they were assigned a lanyard from the order ribbon, similar to officers.

In February 1874, the award of the Order with the imperial crown, introduced in 1829, was stopped.

Order of the Order - the day of St. Anne the Prophetess (February 3, old style), the Order Church - the Church of Simeon and Anna in St. Petersburg ^{[2] [5]} . Since 1829, the Cavalier Council of the Order of St. Anne met in it ^[2] .

After the October Revolution, the awarding of the Order of St. Anne was discontinued and the order ceased to exist as a Russian award. The order, however, continued to exist as a dynastic reward of the Romanov dynasty in exile ^[6] . The charter of the order has not changed since then, with the exception of the grounds for awarding. For awarding the Order after 1917, see the article Awarding Titles and Orders of the Russian Empire after 1917 .

Initially awarded with any degree of the Order of St. Anne automatically became hereditary nobles, but since 1845 this provision has been changed. It was found that henceforth only the 1st degree of the order gives hereditary nobility , and the remaining degrees - only personal . The exception was persons of the merchant class and foreigners - Muslims who, when awarded any of the degrees of the order, except the 1st, did not become nobles, but received the status of honorary citizens .

I degree - Cross on a ribbon 10 cm wide over the left shoulder, a star on the right side of the chest; 350 or 200 rubles. annual pension;

II degree - A smaller cross on the neck on a ribbon 4.5 cm wide ("Anna on the neck" ^[7] ); 150 or 120 rubles. annual pension;

III degree - An even smaller cross on the chest on a ribbon 2.2 cm wide; 100 or 90 rub. annual pension;

IV degree - Cross on the hilt of cold steel and a lanyard from the Order ribbon (“Cranberry”); 50 or 40 rubles. annual pension.

When the order has been granted for military exploits, two swords are added to the signs of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree, lying crosswise in the middle of the cross and the star, the inscription “For courage” is added to the 4th degree sign on the hilt.

Unlike all other Russian orders, the star of the Order of St. Anne was worn not on the left, but on the right side of the chest.

When awarding the Order of the highest degree, the badges of the lower degrees are not worn (with the exception of signs with swords and badges of the 4th order on melee weapons).

When awarding the Knight of the Order of St. Anna of the 1st degree with the Order of Alexander Nevsky, the star and ribbon of the Order of St. Anna were not worn - only the sign of the order was worn on the neck ribbon ^[8] .

Extracts from the Institution of orders and other insignia, ed. 1892 ^[9] :

 

Star to the Order of St. Anne

 

Star with a crown to the Order of St. Anne

• The Imperial Order of St. Anne is established as a reward of feats committed in the field of public service.
• The Order of St. Anne is divided into four degrees. Signs are its essence:
  • FIRST DEGREE. The cross is golden, large, covered with red enamel; on the edges of the cross there are golden borders, in the corners of the junction of the cross there are golden through decorations; in the middle of the front side, on a white enamel field, also encircled with a gold rim, the image of St. Anne, and on the back, in the same field, a Latin blue monogram of the initial letters of the order motto, under the crown. It is worn on a red and yellow border two and a quarter inches wide, over the left shoulder, with a star forged silver on the right side of the chest, in the middle of which is a red cross; around the cross, on red enamel, the Latin motto: Amantibus Justitiam, Pietatem, Fidem, that is, Loving the Truth, Piety, Fidelity. This motto is borrowed from the initial letters of the name and family of Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna: AIPF (Anna, Imperatoris Petri Filia, Anna of the Emperor Peter Daughter ).
  • SECOND DEGREE. A cross similar to that established for the first degree, but of a smaller size, is worn on the neck, on a tape about one vertex wide.
  • THIRD DEGREE. The cross is even smaller; worn in a buttonhole, on a half-width tape.
  • FOURTH DEGREE. A red enamel cross in a gold field enclosed in a red enamel circle; over the cross is a golden crown. This sign is attached to a military sword, saber, half saber, broadsword, dagger (to the last at the top of the handle). When awarding it for military exploits, the inscription is added on the hilt (at the dagger on the cross of the arc handle): for bravery . Such an inscription also complains that, having already this fourth degree of the order for other non-military distinctions, they will once again render a military feat. They were granted a sign with the inscription: for courage , they wear lanyards made of the ribbon of the Order of St. Anne with silver tassels, according to approved samples.
    • Officers awarded the Order of St. Anne of the fourth degree are given only order badges so that the recipients themselves attach them to swords or sabers.
    • The inscription for courage on golden broadswords and naval sabers is made, following the example of cavalry sabers, on two rims of the hilt.
    • The classroom officials, who were awarded the Order of St. Anne of the fourth degree for distinctions rendered under enemy shots, are assigned a lanyard from the ribbon of this order without an inscription on the sword: for courage .
    • The Order of St. Anne of the fourth degree is not removed even with the higher degrees of it.
• To the signs of the Order of St. Anna, when he complains for the military, against the enemy, exploits are joined by two swords lying crosswise: in the middle of the cross and the star.
• On the star and on crosses of all degrees, complained to non-Christians, the images of St. Anne and the cross are replaced by the image of the Imperial Russian Eagle.

•  

  Badge of the Order of St. Anne with diamonds , an early sample until 1815.

•  

  Badge to the Order of St. Anne of the 1st degree , after 1815.

•  

  Badge for the Order of St. Anne of the 2nd degree with diamonds (faceted glass) for awarding foreign nationals, 1897.

•  

  Badge to the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree for wearing on knives.

• The dimensions of the signs were approximately: 1st art. - 52 × 52 mm; 2nd art. - 44 × 44 mm; 3rd art. - 35 × 35 mm

The insignia of the Order of St. Anne ( unofficial name is the Anninsky Medal ) is a reward for the lower military ranks of the Russian Empire for their long service and for special, non-military, exploits and merits. It was a silver gilded medal depicting an order badge (red wax paint).

It was established on November 12, 1796 by Emperor Paul I for non-commissioned officers and privates, who served immaculately 20 years. Prior to the establishment in 1807 of the Insignia of the Military Order, the Insignia of the Order of St. Anne (Anninsky Medal) was awarded to lower ranks for military merit.
Awarded medals were exempted from corporal punishment.

Since July 11, 1864, in connection with the reduction of the service life from 25 to 7 years, they began to reward the medal in peacetime and wartime “ for special feats and merits, not combat, ” as well as for 10 years of extra urgent work. service. A special merit worthy of rewarding was, for example: the capture of an important state criminal; salvation of the dead (if the person presented for the award was previously awarded the gold medal "For the salvation of the dead" ) ^[10] . Those awarded for special merits were supposed to wear a medal on the Anninsky ribbon with a bow, awarded for their length of service - without a bow.

The Anninsky Medal was awarded simultaneously with the appointment of a lump sum of money, from 10 to 100 rubles, depending on the merit. Non-commissioned officers for 10 years of long-term immaculate service in combat units were awarded the same sign, but without a bow from a sash and without a cash issue.

Anninskaya weapon (unofficial name of a weapon with a fixed sign of the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree) - cold steel weapons of an officer or official awarded the Order of St. Anna of the 4th degree (a sword, saber, dagger), with a sign of the order attached to his hilt St. Anne, a lanyard from the Order Ribbon and, in the case of rewarding for military exploits, engraved "For Courage".

Unlike the award Golden weapon (see Golden weapon “For Courage” ), the Anninsky weapon gentleman was given only the Badge of the Order, which was attached with the awarded to the hilt of the official cold steel.

The history of the Anninsky award weapon dates back to the years when the future Russian Emperor Paul I awarded the Order of Anna (then there was only one degree) to his close ones without the knowledge of his mother, Empress Catherine II . So that the empress would not see the signs of the order, he ordered them to be made small and mounted on the inside of the hilt of the sword. A historical joke testifies that one of the recipients reported to Catherine II about a new type of order, but she turned the joke around and decided not to notice the tricks of her son.

After occupying the Russian throne, Paul I retained the sign on the weapon as the 3rd degree of the state order of St. Anne. He looked like a small round medallion with a red cross inside a red ring. Over the 4 years of his reign, Paul granted the Anninsky weapon (or in other words, the Order of St. Anne of the 3rd degree) to 890 officers.

In 1815, the son of Paul I, Alexander I , added another degree, displacing the Anninsky weapon in the 4th degree.

The statute of the Order of St. Anne of 1829 stipulates that the 4th degree badge can be worn on any type of officer cold steel. According to this statute, an officer could place the inscription “For courage” on the hilt of the Anninsky weapon.

During the Crimean War of 1853-1856, a Decree of March 19, 1855 was issued, according to which, for visible difference, in addition to the sign of the Order of the 4th degree, a lanyard was attached to the weapon in the color of the Anninsky ribbon.

In 1859, a decree was issued that defined the Anninsky weapon as a reward for chief officers, that is, from the ensign to the captain, inclusive. However, during the First World War, there were cases when, for personal bravery in a combat situation, they were awarded generals, especially if the awarded person already had all the senior ones by status of the order, and Anninsky weapons were not.

Since 1913, those awarded with St. George’s arms with the inscription “For Courage” received the right to attach to it, along with the lanyard the color of the St. George ribbon, a small white St. George cross. The cavalier of the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree, awarded the St. George's Arms, was supposed to attach the Anninsky red cross to the St. George's armament.

• List of Knights of the Order of St. Anne

• Serkov S.R. Order of St. Anne // Military History Journal . - 1990. - No. 5 . - S. 93-95 .
• Valery Durov. The trick of the grandmaster (neopr.) . // Around the world , February 1, 2002. Date of treatment March 2, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.

• Annen Order // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Order of St. Anne , S. Shishkov, “Russian Awards. 1698-1917 years. ", T. 2
• From the history of the Order of St. Anne , article on vimpel-v.com
• Anninsky weapon
• Order of St. Anne (Russian) . Website “For Faith and Loyalty”. Date of treatment March 2, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
• Photos awarded Russian orders (rus.) . Site "Awards of Imperial Russia 1702-1917.". Date of treatment March 2, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
• Imperial Order of St. Anne (Russian) . Official site of the Russian Imperial House. Date of treatment March 2, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.
• Statute of the Imperial Order of St. Anne (Russian) . The project "GEORGIAN PAGE". Date of treatment March 2, 2013. Archived March 9, 2013.