March articles

Since the beginning of the Khmelnitsky uprising, the Russian government has provided extensive economic and financial assistance to the Zaporizhzhya Army ^[2] . The diplomatic support of the Army from Russia, as well as assistance by people, weapons, ammunition, was gradually expanding ^[2] . At the beginning of 1649, the Russian government recognized the hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky and from that time on regularly exchanged ambassadors with him. Then the government informed the hetman of its readiness to accept the Zaporizhzhya Army into Russian citizenship, but considered it necessary for the time being to avoid a war with the Commonwealth ^[2] .

Zaporizhzhya Army Embassy, ​​1653

In 1653, the hetman of the Zaporizhzhya Army Bogdan Khmelnitsky sent an embassy to Moscow to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich as part of the army foreman Grigory Gulyanitsky and the army clerk Ivan Vygovsky “with comrades” , asking him to accept “his entire Little Russia and all the Zaporizhzhya Army into their eternal solid possession, submitted and patronage . "

Zemsky Cathedral approving the petition of the Zaporizhzhya Army

In May 1653, the Zemsky Sobor met in Moscow to discuss the question of the annexation of the Zaporizhzhya Army to the Russian state . By May 25 ( June 4 ) 1653 the unanimous opinion of the Council became clear. “And they all unanimously spoke about all ranks and square people in order to accept Cherkess.” The king endorsed this opinion, which was why those present at the Council were “most rejoiced” ^[2] .

In September, the hetman's embassy arrived in Moscow, headed by the personal confidant of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Chigirinsky Colonel Lavrin Kapusta . Cabbage asked the government to send immediately to Ukraine - to Kiev and other cities - with the voivode "military men, although with 3000 people." He said that ambassadors had arrived from the Turkish sultan to the hetman, insistently “calling evo into citizenship”, but that the hetman “refused him (the sultan), and the priest has mercy on him” ^[2] .

On October 1 ( 11 ), 1653 , the final meeting of the Council was held, where the king appeared with a procession from the Church of St. Basil the Blessed . This emphasized the importance and solemnity of the event ^[2] . Satisfying the desire of the Ukrainian people, the Zemsky Sobor unanimously decided, “so that the great sovereign, tsar and grand duke Alexei Mikhailovich of all Russia would please that hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky and the whole Zaporizhzhya army, with their cities and their lands, to accept under their state high arm”. The Council decided to demand from the Polish government an immediate end to the war and the liberation of the lands of the Zaporizhzhya Army. In the event of failure, the Zemsky Sobor considered it necessary to send Russian military forces to protect the Zaporizhzhya Army from gentry Poland. This decision was unanimously adopted by the participants of the cathedral ^[3] .

They also discussed the issue of the refusal of the population of Ukraine to swear allegiance to the Polish king. According to the duma officials, in connection with the violation of the oath by the Polish king (Jan Casimir was accused of violating his oath of tolerance), the Ukrainian people were exempted from the oath to the king and, therefore, the tsarist government accepted "free people" and not rebels ^[2] .

... Ian Casimer, who didn’t take his oath, and fell on the Orthodox Christian faith of Greek law, and many of God destroyed the churches of God, and made them unions. And so as not to let them into citizenship of the Turkish Saltan or the Crimean Khan, because they have now become the oath of royal freedom. And for that they sentenced everything: hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky and the whole Zaporizhzhya Army with cities and lands to accept ...

- Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries: in 9 volumes

T.3. Acts of Zemsky Cathedrals. M., Legal literature, 1985. [1]

The decision of the Council was announced on October 4 ( 14 ), 1653 in the Golden Chamber of the Kremlin Palace. The hetman's ambassadors were announced that Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich satisfies the request of the Zaporizhzhya Army and accepts his citizenship. On the same day, the embassy of the hetman, headed by Lavryn Kapusta, left for Ukraine.

Composition of the Russian Embassy

On October 9 ( 19 ), 1653 , an embassy was sent from Moscow to Ukraine, headed by a prominent diplomat Vasily Vasilievich Buturlin . This was stated in the tsar’s letter: “For the adoption of [Ukraine], we send our boyar and Tver governor Vasily Vasilievich Buturlin, and deceased and Murom governor Ivan Vasilievich Alferyev , and the thoughtful clerk Larion Dmitrievich Lopukhin .” The embassy included 12 stolniks , several solicitors, 11 clerks , 2 translators. The embassy escorted 200 armed soldiers to Pereyaslav, led by the head of Moscow archers, Artamon Matveev ^[3] .

• Boyar Buturlin was accompanied by the stewards: Prince Grigory Grigoryevich Romodanovsky , Prince Fedor Nikitich Baryatinsky , Fedor Vladimirovich Buturlin , Mikhail Mikhailovich Dmitriev , Prince Alexei Yuryevich Zvenigorodsky , Vasily Petrovich Kikin , Mikhail Vasilyevich Petrovich Dmitrievich Nicholas Vasilyevich Petrovich Dmitrievich Nicholas Denis Petrovich Turgenev ;
• Okolnogo Alferyev was accompanied by the steward Ivan Stepanovich Telepnev , the lawyers Timofey Ivanovich Spasitelev , Andrei Ivanovich Spasitelev , Ivan Stepanovich Isleniev , Fedor Bogdanovich Glebov , Prince Semyon Nikitich Bolkhovskaya , Maxim Savich (Alekseevich) Ladyzhensky ;
• with the duma clerk Lopukhin was the stolnik Leonty Larionovich Lopukhin .
• Streletsky order was headed by Artamon Sergeyevich Matveev .

Oath of the Russian Emperor

In Pereyaslavl on January 8 ( 18 ), 1654 , an oath to the Russian sovereign took place in the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary:

• the hetman, colonels and foremen gave the oath to be "eternal subjects to his Tsar's Majesty All-Russian and his heirs . "
• the cities of the “Zaporizhzhya Troops department” which “attached the following order: the Braslavsky regiment — 31 cities, Belotserkovsky — 19 cities, Korsunsky — 19 places, Cherkassky — 5 places, Pereyaslovsky — 11 places, Nezhinsky — 16 places, Mirgorodsky — 12 places, Kiev - 22 places, Chernihiv - 7 places, Kropyvyansky - 9 places, Poltava - 15 places. And all: 166 cities. ”

At the Pereyaslav Rada , the articles of the treaty were formulated in the form of a "petition to the great sovereign." A new embassy was sent to Moscow as part of the military judge Samoil Bogdanovich and Pereyaslavl Colonel Pavel Teteri "with comrades."

During January and February, the population of Kiev, Nizhyn, Chernigov, Bila Tserkva, Kanev, Cherkassk, Pryluk and other cities, as well as the villages of Zaporizhzhya’s Oath, took the oath. Everywhere the population with great joy greeted the Russian envoys and solemnly took the oath to live forever in fraternal friendship with the great Russian people.

As evidenced by the Ukrainian Cossack chronicler , "according to Ukraine, see all people willingly" expressed a desire to unite with the great Russian people, and "considerable joy between the people has become."

Kievans met the ambassadors 10 km from the city with banners. A salute was given in honor of the ambassadors. Ambassadors entered Kiev through the Golden Gate , accompanied by thousands of Cossacks. The people of Kiev with their oath unanimously confirmed the decision of the Pereyaslav Rada ^[3] .

According to far from complete data, 11 colonels , 5 convoys , 62 military judges , 115 gentry , 1475 centurions , Yesaul, coronets and clerks, 60 375 Cossacks, 625 voites , burmists and atamans, 59 895 townspeople , 37 monks . According to representatives of the Moscow Tsar, 122 542 males took the oath ^[3] .

The agreement was presented in Moscow on March 12 ( 22 ), 1654 by the embassy of Bogdan Khmelnitsky in the form of 11 articles .

On March 13 ( 23 ), 1654 , during a “questioning” at the Breech Court by the boyar and governor of Tver Vasily Vasilievich Buturlin , deceit and governor of Kashira, Petr Petrovich Golovin and duma clerk Almaz Ivanov , the additional articles of the agreement were orally named. When the ambassadors were vacationed, the boyars ordered the ambassadors to submit all articles in writing.

On March 14 ( 24 ), 1654 , 23 articles of the treaty were considered by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. A decision was made on all points. The last, 23rd paragraph was introduced by the Russian government.

By the Grace of God, the Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke, Alexei Mikhailovich, All Great and Small Russia of the Autocrat, and many States to the Sovereign and Holder, Your Imperial Majesty.

We, Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Hetman of the Zaporizhzhya Army, and the entire Zaporizhzhya Army, and the entire Christian world of Russia face a brow.

We were delighted with the greats and bestowed great and mercy of the uncountable Your Royal Majesty, which Your Royal Majesty deigned to show us, we beat you, our Tsar, Your Royal Majesty many times, we will serve directly and faithfully in all the affairs and commands of your Royal Majesty We will forever. We only ask the velmies, as if in letters of commendation we asked you, Your Royal Majesty, to please us, in all respects granting and bestowing your Royal favor, about which our envoys from us will beat Your Royal Majesty.

1. At the beginning please, Your Royal Majesty, confirm the rights and liberties of our troops, as has happened in the Zaporizhzhya Army for centuries, that they have narrowed down their rights and have their liberties in good and in the courts, so that neither the voivode, nor the boyar, nor the steward in the courts the troops did not intervene, and from their foremen so that the partnership was narrowed: where there are three Kozakov people, then two-thirds should be judged.

Decision This article was indicated by the sovereign, and the boyars were sentenced to be so by their petition.

2. The Zaporizhzhya army, including 60,000, was always full.

The decision was indicated by the sovereign, and the boyars were sentenced to be 60,000 people by their petition.

3. The gentry, which is gained in Russia and faith according to the immaculate commandment of Christ to You, our Great Sovereign, Your Royal Majesty, was made so that, with their noble liberties, the elders would also be among the foremen of the ships, and would have their good and liberties, as if It happened to the Kings of Poland that even now, having seen such an award from Your Royal Majesty, they bow down under the region and under the strong and high hand of Your Royal Majesty with the whole Christian world. Courts of Zemstvo and city through those officers who they themselves voluntarily choose, have their own corrections, as before; it’s also the gentry, which had its own treasury in the fortresses at the salvage then, and now that it is either paid to them, or at the salvage land given.

The decision of the Sim was indicated to the sovereign by articles, and the boyars were sentenced to be by their petition.

4. In the city, officers from our people so that they would be stolen by those worthy, who would have to be redeemed or held by the subjects of Your Royal Majesty, and give the proper parish in truth to the treasury of Your Royal Majesty.

The decision was indicated by the sovereign, and the boyars were sentenced to be by their petition. And if there were officers, warriors, burmisters, raiders, shopkeepers, and money and all sorts of income, and all sorts of money for the sovereign, to take them away and give the sovereign treasury to those people whom the sovereign would send, and to those people whom the sovereign would send for that national team collectors look to do the truth.

5. What is given to the Getmansky mace, with all its accessories, is the Ministry of Chigirinskoye so that now it is for the whole row.

The decision was indicated by the sovereign, and the boyars were sentenced to be by their petition.

6. God save, on us, Hetman, death, everyone is even less mortal, without which it cannot be, that the Zaporizhzhya Army was elected between themselves Hetman and notified to His Royal Majesty, so that His Royal Majesty would not be twisted, the old one military custom.

The Tsar pointed out the decision , and the boyars were sentenced to be by their petition.

7. That the Cossack estates should not be taken away for anything that the lands have, and all the belongings from those lands, that they would voluntarily own, the widows after the Cossacks, so that their children would have such liberties as their ancestors and fathers.

The Tsar pointed out the decision , and the boyars were sentenced to be by their petition.

8. To the clerk of the army so that by the grace of His Imperial Majesty 1000 gold for subscriptions, and mills for feeding, which has a great expense.

The decision to be by their petition and give out of the local income.

9. For every colonel so that the mill, in order to have a great expense. But when the mercy will be Your Royal Majesty, and more than what Your Royal Majesty welcomes.

The Tsar granted the decision - let them be by their petition.

10. Also for the judges of the army of 300 gold and a mill, and for the clerk of the judges of 100 gold.

The sovereign granted the decision by their petition, and ask about the judges how many judges?

11. Also to the esaulam of the army and regiment, that the troops will always find services and cannot plow bread, if they had a mill, we ask Your Royal Majesty.

The sovereign granted the decision by their petition.

12. For crafts of a military projectile and gunners and for all people working with a projectile, we ask Your Imperial Majesty, if you please have your Royal merciful vision, like winter, tacos and canopies, as well as 400 gold coins.

The sovereign granted the decision to give from the local income.

13. Rights granted from centuries to Princes and Kings to spiritual and secular people, so that they are not violated in anything.

The decision the Tsar granted ordered to be there.

14. Ambassadors who come from the lands of foreigners to the Zaporizhzhya Army from a century, so that Mr. Hetman and the whole Zaporizhzhya Army, who are kindly and free to accept, so that His Royal Majesty would not be in the grip; and that they would have been opposed by His Royal Majesty, to be informed of His Royal Majesty.

The Tsar pointed out the decision , and the boyars were sentenced: they accepted and let go of ambassadors about good deeds, and about what deeds they came and with what they would let them go, and write to the sovereign about that. And which ambassadors or ambassadors are sent from whom they will be with a nasty deed, having detained them, write to the sovereign, and without the sovereign not to let them go; and with the Turkish Saltan and the Polish King without the sovereign, the decree should not be invoked.

15. Как в иных землях дань вдруг отдается, хотели бы и мы, и то б ценою ведомою давать о тех людях, которые Твоему Царскому Величеству надлежат. А если бы инако быть не могло, тогда и на единого, воеводу не позволять и о том договариваться, разве бы из здешних людей обобравши воеводу, человека достойного, который имеет все те доходы в правду Его Царского Величества отдавати. А то для того имеют посланники наши договариваться, что, наехавши, воевода права бы нарушать имел и установы какие делал, и то б были имелось с великою досадою, понеже праву иному не могут скоро навыкнуть и тягости такие не могут носить, а из здешних людей когда будут старшие, тогда против правды уставов здешних будут справляться.

Решение По сей статье государь указал, и бояре приговорили: быть по тому, как выше сего написано, сбирать войтам, бурмистрам, райцам, лавникам, а отдавать в государеву казну тем людям, кого государь пришлет, и тем людям над сборщиками смотреть, чтоб делали правду.

16. Прежде сего от Королей Польских никакого гонения на веру и на вольности наши не было. Всегда мы всякого чина свои вольности имели, и для того мы верно и служили, а ныне за наступление на вольности наши понуждены Вашему Царскому Величеству под крепкую и высокую руку поддаться, прилежно просили имеем чрез послы наши, чтоб привилегии Ваше Царское Величество нам, на хартиях писанные с печатями висящими, един на вольности козацкие, а другие на шляхетские, изволь дать, чтоб на вечное время непоколебимо было. А когда то одержим, мы сами смотр меж собою иметь будем, а кто козак, то тот вольность козацкую будет иметь, а кто пашенный крестьянин, тот будет дань давать обыклую Его Царскому Величеству так, как и прежде сего, так же и на люди всякие, которые Вашему Царскому Величеству подданные, на каких правах и вольностях имеют быть.

Решение Государь указал, и бояре приговорили: быть по их челобитью.

17. О митрополите помянуть имеют, как будут разговаривать, и о том послам нашим изустный наказ дали есьмы.

Решение Государь указал, и бояре приговорили: митрополиту на маетности его, которыми ныне владеет, дать жалованную грамоту.

18. Такожде прилежно просити послы наши имеют Его Царского Величества, чтоб Его Царское Величество рать свою вскоре прямо к Смоленскому послал, не отсрочивая ничего, чтоб неприятели не могли справляться и с другими совокупиться, для того что войски ныне принужденные, чтоб никакой их лести не верили, если б они имели в чем делать.

Решение Указал государь, и бояре приговорили: про поход ратных людей объявить посланникам, с которого числа государь сам и бояре, и ратные многие люди с Москвы пойдут, а гетману не писать.

19. Чтоб быть немного люду зде по рубежу от ляхов, для всякого бесстрашия с 3000, или, как воля Царского Величества будет, хотя и больше.

Решение Царского Величества ратные люди всегда на рубежи, для Украйны обереганья, есть и впредь стоять учнут.

20. Обычай тот бывал, что всегда Войску Запорожскому платили, просят и ныне Его Царское Величество, чтоб на полковника по 100 ефимков, на есаулов полковых по 400 золотых, на сотников по 100, на козаков по 30 золотых.

Решение Отговаривал великий государь, его царское величество, для православныя веры, хотя их от гонителей и хотящих разорить церкви Божие и искоренить веру христианскую, от латын оборонити, собрал рати многие и идет на неприятелей, и свою государеву казну для их обороны ратным людям роздал многую. А как был у гетмана Богдана Хмельницкого государев ближний боярин и наместник тверской Василий Васильевич Бутурлин с товарищи и говорил с гетманом о числе Войска Запорожского, и гетман говорил, хотя число Войска Запорожского и велико будет, государю в том убытка не будет, потому что они жалованья у государя просить не учнут, а говорил гетман при них, при судье и при полковнике, и им ныне о том говорить не доводится.

21. Орда если бы имела вкинуться, тогда от Астрахани и от Казани надобно на них наступать, такожде и донским козакам готовым быть, а ныне ещё в братстве дати сроку и их не задирати.

Решение Сказать: на Дон к козакам государево повеление послано. Буде крымские люди задору никакого не учинят, на них не ходить, а буде задор учинят, и в то время государь укажет над ними промысл чинить.

22. Кодак город , который есть сделан на рубеже от Крыму, в котором господин Гетман всегда по 400 человек имеет и кормы всякие им дает, чтоб и ныне Его Царское Величество как кормы, так же и на тех, которые за порогами в Коше берегут, чтоб Его Царское Величество милость свою изволил показать, понеже нельзя его самого без людей оставить.

The Tsar pointed out the decision to ask: how much forage for those people is given, and how many people are behind the thresholds for Kosh, and what is the brow beat for them?

23. Report to the Tsar of the boyars was said that the Tsar’s cities and places would be taken into account by the emperors of all ranks in the Tsar of the Sovereigns, and they would be given to those who had been found.

March 14th day of 1654.

- Rigelman Alexander Ivanovich, "The annalistic narrative of Little Russia and its people and Cossacks in general" 1847.

• Myakotin VA . Pereyaslav Treaty of 1654 . Prague, 1930.
• Rigelman A. I. Annalistic narrative of Little Russia and its people and Cossacks in general ... ("Readings in MOIDR ", 1847, No. 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9).
• The reunification of Ukraine with Russia. Documents and materials in three volumes. T. 3, M., 1954.

• Articles by Bogdan Khmelnitsky . 03/21/1654 year. Project of the Russian Military Historical Society "100 main documents of Russian history."

• Mace
• Pereyaslavskaya Rada
• Reunification of Ukraine with Russia