On January 1, 1873, the Gregorian calendar was adopted in Japan . Until 1873, the Japanese traditional lunar-solar calendar , which was based on the Chinese calendar , was widely used. The traditional calendar is now used mainly for ceremonial, astrological and cultural purposes. And the system of traditional Japanese chronology (counting years by emperors) continues to be widely used today in everyday life [1] .
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|---|---|---|---|
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| Type of the calendar | Lunar sunny | ||
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Content
Timeline
After the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in Japan, three different time systems were actually used on equal terms:
- from the foundation of Japan ( Jap. 皇 紀 ko: ki ) - the ancient calendar system, with a reference point of 660 BC. e. when, according to legend, the emperor Jimmu founded the Japanese state;
- from the beginning of the reign of the emperor ( Jap. 号 号 gengo:) - years are calculated from the year the emperor began to reign, for example, 2012 is the 24th year of Heisei ;
- from the Nativity of Christ ( AD ) ( Jap. 西 暦 seireki ) .
Of the three systems, the latter two are used today. The calculus system from the founding of Japan was used from 1873 until the end of World War II .
Months
Modern
The modern names of the Japanese months literally translate as "first moon", "second moon" and. etc. where the corresponding digit is connected with the suffix of the moon ( Jap. 月 gatsu ) :
| January | 一月 | itigatsu |
| February | 二月 | nigatsu |
| March | 三月 | sangatsu |
| April | 四月 | shigatsu |
| May | 五月 | gogatsu |
| June | 六月 | rocugatsu |
| July | 七月 | shichigatsu |
| August | 八月 | hatigatsu |
| September | 九月 | kugatsu |
| October | 十月 | ju: gatsu |
| November | 十一月 | ju: itigatsu |
| December | 十二月 | ju: nigatsu |
The use of Arabic numerals to indicate the month (3 月, 2 月, etc.) is widespread and is practically the norm.
Traditional
Each month of the Japanese traditional calendar has only a few inherent names reflecting the signs of the season, the nature of agricultural occupations, customs and rites [1] .
The old Japanese calendar was based on the Chinese lunar calendar . The year according to the lunar calendar begins 3–7 weeks later than the Gregorian year, so the first month of the traditional calendar is not at all equal to January.
| 1st month | 睦 月 | mutsuki | friendship month |
| 2nd month | 如月 or 衣 更 着 | Kisaragi or Kinusaragi | month of clothing, or tysyun - mid-spring |
| 3rd month | 弥 生 | yayoi | month of growth |
| 4th month | 卯 月 | uzuki | the month of Unohan or Usugi, Unohan is a shrub, a kind of action |
| 5th month | 皐 月 or 早 月 or 五月 | satsuki | month of rice crops, or bale - mid-summer |
| 6th month | 水 無 月 | minatsuki or minazuki | waterless month |
| 7th month | 文 月 | fumizuki or fuzuki | month of writing poetry |
| 8th month | 葉 月 | Hazuki | the month of (falling) foliage, or tsukimizuki - the month of admiring the moon, or tuxiu - mid-autumn |
| 9th month | 長 月 | nagatsuki | month of long nights, or kikuzuki - month of chrysanthemums |
| 10th month | 神 無 月 | kaminazuki or kannazuki | a month without gods, or kaminari - a month without thunder, or kaminasu - a month for making sake |
| 11th month | 霜 月 | shimotsuki | the month of hoarfrost, or tyuto - the middle of winter |
| 12th month | 師 走 | sivasu | end month |
Seasons
The year, in addition, was divided into 24 seasons, according to a calendar borrowed from the Chinese . These seasons today are taken into account when choosing kimonos and jewelry for hairstyles , especially geisha .
Weeks
The Japanese use the usual seven-day week , corresponding to the Western calendar. The seven-day week in Japan was used for astrological and some other purposes even before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar . Fukuzawa Yukichi was a key figure in deciding to accept this system as an official one. The names of the days come from the moon and the sun ( yin and yang ), as well as from the names of the five visible planets, which, in turn, are named after the five Chinese elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, water).
| Japanese | Cyrillic | Element | Russian name |
|---|---|---|---|
| 日 曜 日 | filament: bi | The sun | Sunday |
| 月曜日 | getsuyo: bi | Moon | Monday |
| 火曜日 | kayo: bi | Fire ( Mars ) | Tuesday |
| 水 曜 日 | suiyo: bi | Water ( Mercury ) | Wednesday |
| 木 曜 日 | mokuyou: bi | Tree ( Jupiter ) | Thursday |
| 金曜日 | Kinyo: bi | Metal ( Venus ) | Friday |
| 土 曜 日 | doyo: bi | Earth ( Saturn ) | Saturday |
The month is also divided into three 10-day periods (decades). Each is called Jun ( Jap. 旬 ). The first jo: Jun ( 上旬 . ), The second chu: Jun ( 旬 中旬 ), the third gejun ( 下旬 ). These names are often used to indicate approximate times, for example: “the temperature is common for jo: april june ”.
Days
Every day in the month has a systematic name:
| one | 一日 | Tsuytachi (sometimes Ichizu ) | eleven | 十一 日 | judo: ititi | 21 | 二十 一日 | Niju: Itichi |
| 2 | 二 日 | futsuka | 12 | 十二 日 | ju: niniti | 22 | 二 十二 日 | Niju: Ninichi |
| 3 | 三 日 | mikka | 13 | 十三 日 | judo: sunnie | 23 | 二十 三 日 | Niju: Sunny |
| four | 四日 | yokka | 14 | 十四 日 | ju: yokka | 24 | 二十 四日 | Niju: Yokka |
| five | 五日 | itsuka | 15 | 十五 日 | ju: drive | 25 | 二十 五日 | Niju: Drive |
| 6 | 六日 | muyka | sixteen | 十六 日 | judo: rockuniti | 26 | 二十 六日 | Niju: Rockunichi |
| 7 | 七日 | nanoca | 17 | 十七 日 | ju: cityity | 27 | 二十 七日 | Niju: Cityichi |
| eight | 八日 | yo: ka | 18 | 十八 日 | judo: hachiniti | 28 | 二十 八日 | Niju: Hachiniti |
| 9 | 九日 | coconut | nineteen | 十九 日 | ju: kunichi | 29th | 二十 九日 | Niju: Kunichi |
| ten | 十 日 | then: ka | 20 | 二十 日 | hatsuka | thirty | 三十 日 | sanju: threads |
| 31 | 三十 一日 | sanju: ititi | ||||||
The use of Arabic rather than Japanese numbers to indicate days (13 日, 14 日, etc.) is widespread and is practically the norm.
Tsuytachi is a diminutive form of tsukitati , which means the first day of the month. In the traditional calendar, the last day of the month is called misoka ( 晦 日 ) . Today, the numbers 28-31 plus threads are much more common. But misoka is often used, for example, in contracts, contracts and. etc., determining that the payment should be made on the last day of the month, no matter what date. The last day of the year is about: misoka ( Jap. 大 晦 日 , big last day) , and this term is still widely used.
Rockyou
Rokuyo ( Japanese 六 六 rokuyo:) - six-day sequences calculated on the Chinese calendar, according to which the Japanese tried to predict the success of the day. "Rokuyo" is often found in Japanese calendars, this system is used to calculate the days of weddings and funerals, although most Japanese do not use it constantly. Another name for "rokuyou" is rocky ( 六 輝 ) .
| Kanji | Polivanov system | Value |
|---|---|---|
| 先 勝 | Senseo: | Until noon a good day, after noon a bad day. Good for morning endeavors. |
| 友 引 | tomobics | Bad day for friends and relatives. They don’t arrange a funeral on this day: tomo ( 友 ) - “friend”, hickey ( 引 ) - pull, that is, friends or relatives can drag the deceased. Crematoria usually do not work in tomobics. |
| 先 負 | sambu | Bad afternoon, good afternoon. |
| 仏 滅 | butzumetsu | Symbolizes the day the Buddha died. It is considered the most unlucky day. Weddings are not played in “butsumetsu,” and some jinjas close offices on this day. |
| 大安 | tayan | The most successful day. Good for weddings and beginnings. |
| 赤 口 | shakko: | Horse hour (11-13 hours) - successful, the rest - not. The spirit of the day is Akasita . |
Rokuyou can easily be calculated on the Japanese lunar-solar calendar. The first of January is always "Senseo", the second is Tomobics, etc. On February 1, the countdown starts anew with "Tomobics." The first of March is sambu, and so on for six months. Then the countdown begins anew: on July 1 - "Senseo", on December 1 - "Syakko", and the day considered ideal for observing the moon, on August 15, is always "Butsumetsu". The оку rokuyo ’system gained popularity during the Edo period .
National Holidays
| date | Russian name | Local name | Cyrillic |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st of January | First day of the new year | 元日 | ganjitsu |
| Second Monday of January | Adulthood day | 成人 の 日 | seijin no hee |
| 11 February | State Establishment Day | 建国 記念 の 日 | kenkoku kinen no hee |
| March 20 or 21 | Day of spring equinox | 春分 の 日 | shumbun no hee |
| April 29th | Showa Day | 昭和 の 日 | sho: wa no hee |
| May 3 | Constitution day | 憲法 記念 日 | kempo: kinambi |
| May 4th | Green day | み ど り の 日 | midori no hee |
| 5 May | Children's Day | こ ど も の 日 | kodomo no hee |
| Third Monday of July | Sea day | 海 の 日 | umi no hee |
| Third Monday of September | Senior Respect Day | 敬老 の 日 | keiro: but hee |
| September 23 or 24 | Autumnal equinox | 秋分 の 日 | syu: bun no hee |
| Second Monday of October | Sport day | 体育 の 日 | tayiko no hee |
| the 3rd of November | Culture day | 文化 の 日 | bunka no hee |
| November 23rd | Thanksgiving Day | 勤 労 感謝 の 日 | Kinro: Kansya no hee |
| December 23 | Emperor's birthday | 天皇 誕生 日 | tenno: tanjo: bi |
- Holidays included in the Japanese Golden Week .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Calendar // Japan from A to Z. A popular illustrated encyclopedia. (CD-ROM). - M .: Directmedia Publishing , "Japan Today", 2008. - ISBN 978-5-94865-190-3 .
Links
- Japanese dates online converter in the Creounity Time Machine web application. Japanese Date Attributes
- DateConverter - Translation of dates between Japanese and Gregorian calendars
- The Japanese Calendar (inaccessible link) . - Website of the National Parliamentary Library of Japan . Date of treatment November 17, 2009. Archived April 12, 2011.
- Calendar ( inaccessible link) . - at japan-guide.com . Date of treatment November 18, 2009. Archived June 28, 2017.