Dia, Mamadou

Dia Mamadou was born July 18, 1910 in the small town of Combol ( Ties County , French Senegal), located on a railway line near Ties , in a peasant family of the African people Tukuler ^[1] . His date of birth in 1910 was later questioned - Dia himself claimed that he found confirmation in his father's documents that he was born in 1911. Probably, the date "1910" was inscribed in documents by his school teacher to allow Mamad Dia to enter the William Ponti School, which at that time was the best in all of West Africa ^[2] . However, on May 31, 1954, the city court of Kombol officially recognized July 18, 1910 as the official date of his birth ^[3] .

Youth. School teacher

Mamadou Dia, like his family, did not have full Senegalese citizenship and by status belonged to the lower layers of local society, being the so-called. "Subject". However, his father participated in the First World War and served as a police officer upon his return. This and the patronage of the teacher helped Dia get a good education ^[4] . Mamadou Dia graduated from the local elementary school of the study of the Koran , then to the district school in Diurbel , and in 1924, after the death of his father, he was sent to study ^[1] in the high school of Blanchot in Saint Louis . After that, he studied at the École William Ponty Federal Normal School near Dakar, receiving a teacher’s diploma. Dia later continued his studies in Paris, where he received a bachelor 's degree ^{[3] [5]} . Having completed his education in 1927, Mamadou Dia worked as a teacher in Saint-Louis and Fissel, and in 1943 he was appointed director of the district school in Fatick ^[2] .

Coming into politics

Initially indifferent to politics, Mamadou Dia soon became involved in public discussions and began to publish in the press. He wrote articles in which he covered the problems of the African peasantry, described the poverty of the Senegalese village and promoted the creation of rural cooperatives, which he considered an ideal form of organizing peasant labor and a means of building a better society ^[2] . After the fall of the Vichy regime in France, he had the opportunity not only to publish, but also to take part in political activities ^[4] . Dia joined the French socialists, who at that time were united in the SFIO party, however, as he later claimed, he did not share socialist ideas, but only used the party as support. But soon, at the request of the inhabitants of Fatik, he had to join the Siberian Federal District and put forward his candidacy as general adviser to Diurbel, and then to the members of the Territorial Assembly of Senegal ^{[2] [5]} . Its patrons are the writer, member of the French Resistance and future deputy of the French National Assembly, Catholic Leopold Cedar Sengor and general adviser for the Sani region, Salum Ibrahim Seydou Ndav ^[2] . Mamadou Dia, fluent in not only the French language and native language of the tukuler, but also the language of Wolof , is becoming one of the party speakers ^[4] .

In 1947, Mamadou Dia was elected a member of the Grand Council of French West Africa as the main adviser to Senegal ^[5] .

After a split in the local organization of the SFIO, Dia supported the small left group of Senghor and opposed Lamin Gay , who defended the positions of the party’s federal leadership in Paris. Mamadou Dia assumes the leadership of the faction during Sengor’s numerous trips to France for parliamentary sessions, and personally leads the internal party struggle. On September 27, 1948, following Sengor, he leaves the Siberian Federal District, as reported in an official letter. Together they create the Senegalese Democratic Bloc and at its 1st Congress, held April 15-17, 1949 in Ties, they become its top leaders: Senghor - Chairman, Dia - Secretary General ^[2] .

Senator of the French Republic

On November 14, 1948, Mamadou Dia was elected on the lists of the Senegalese Democratic Bloc to the Council of the Republic of France with 18 out of 48 votes. When the first four-year term came to an end, on May 18, 1952 he was re-nominated by the SDB as a candidate for the Council of the Republic and elected with 15 votes 52. in February 1953 at the 1st Congress of the independent deputies from the overseas territories in Bobo-Dioulasso ( Upper Volta ), which was attended by 60 deputies from the territories of the French Union, Mamadou Dia, was elected Secretary General of the Coordination Committee of this parliamentary group. During the senatorial period, Mamadou Dia voted for the ratification of the agreement on the establishment of NATO on July 28, 1949, participated in the discussion of the electoral law of May 2, 1951, and voted for the Mari law of September 12, 1951, which encouraged private education. He advocated ratification of the treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Association , which had become the forerunner of the Common Market and the European Union (April 1, 1952), but opposed Germany’s admission to NATO on March 26, 1955. Mamadou Dia supported on April 1, 1955 a bill on the imposition of a state of emergency in Algeria and abstained in the vote on November 15 of the same year on the draft electoral reform, which restored elections in the constituencies. On January 1, 1956, in connection with the upcoming parliamentary elections, the term of Senate Mamadou Dia came to an end ^[3] .

Member of the French National Assembly

In the parliamentary elections of January 2, 1956, Mamadou Dia, together with L. Sengor, came forward as one of the candidates from the Senegalese Democratic Bloc, who won in Senegal, receiving 346,266 votes out of 454,886. On February 7, 1956, the Council of the Republic accepted his resignation and Mamadou Dia took seat in the Chamber of Deputies. He joined the parliamentary faction independent of the overseas territories, close to the Catholic Party of the MPI , was elected to the Commission on Press, universal suffrage, on salaries to deputies and senators (1956-1957), as a candidate member of the Commission on Financial Affairs (1957) . He also dealt with issues of state assistance in preparing for the celebration of the centenary of Dakar. Dia showed great activity in the Chamber of Deputies, often going to the rostrum and making numerous amendments, primarily on issues relating to the problems of the overseas territories of France. On March 8, 1956, when discussing the issue of giving the government extraordinary powers in Algeria, he made a peaceful solution to the problem. Mamadou Dia stated that the French presence in Algeria should not be “encased in the iron collar of a false dilemma: to leave or stay”, as this would lead only to violence, and further refrained from discussing the Algerian issue

He voted to ratify the treaties establishing the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community on July 9, 1957. During the constitutional crisis of 1958, Mamadou Dia supported the government of Pierre Pflimlene on May 13 and voted to declare a state of emergency on May 16. On June 2, 1958, he voted on the question of confidence in General Charles de Gaulle 's new cabinet, on his extraordinary powers and on constitutional reform. On November 30, 1958, Mamadou Dia was re-elected to the National Assembly, but July 15, 1959 finally left the French parliament in connection with the planned independence of Senegal ^[3] .

Economist and Sociologist

During his life in France, Mamadou Dia studied the economic problems of Africa, studied at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris . In 1953, he published his first book, “Reflections on the Economics of Black Africa,” in 1957, he published the paper “On the Studies of the Cooperative Movement in Black Africa,” and in 1958, “The African Economy” ^[5] . Dia completed his postgraduate studies in geography, law, and economics by Professor Francois Perroux and was further influenced by the views of two Dominican thinkers, the philosopher and sociologist Henri Deroshe and the economist Louis-Joseph Lebre ^[1] .

Senegal's Independence

On June 23, 1956, the French National Assembly adopted the “Law-frame”, also known as the Deffer Law, and French West Africa received a new status. On May 18, 1957, Mamadou Dia became Deputy Chairman of the Government Council of French Senegal ^[5] , headed by the French Governor Pierre Lamy, and formed the first Senegalese government. The cabinet was one-party and composed of representatives of the Senegalese Democratic Bloc, whose secretary-general was Mamadou Dia. Upon assuming office, he stated that

However, this uncompromising position of the actual head of government subsequently led to conflicts between various power structures, both in the colonial period and in independent Senegal. Mamadou Dia became the main initiator of the transfer of the administrative center of the colony from Saint-Louis to the largest city in the country of Dakar, which was carried out on January 8, 1958 ^[6] .

On July 26, 1958, Dia headed the Government Council of Senegal and exactly one month later came into conflict with the new head of the French government, General Charles de Gaulle, whom he had already encountered as a member of the National Assembly and whose views on African problems were considered offensive. When de Gaulle arrived in Senegal on August 26, 1958, Mamadou Dia defiantly left Dakar and instructed the Minister of the Interior Valdiodio Ndiaye to meet the general ^[6] . In the same period, Dia also disagreed with Sengor on the independence of Senegal and on the support of the new Constitution of France. Sengor advocated for the support of the Constitution and for the country's accession to the French Union as an autonomy; Dia requested the organization of a vote against the Constitution in a referendum on September 28 and immediate independence. After hours of negotiations between the two politicians in the town of Joneville-sur-Mer in Normandy, the point of view of Senghora prevailed, which at that moment had already given instructions within the party and promised support for de Gaulle ^[2] . On November 25, 1958, Mamadou Dia became Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Senegal in the framework of the French Community .

Federation of Mali

When the Federation of Mali was created on January 4, 1959, Mamadou Dia, retaining the post of head of the Senegalese government, was appointed deputy prime minister of the federal government led by Modibo Keita and the Minister of Defense and Internal Security of the Federation ^[7] . On September 28, 1959, he and Modibo Keita put before France the question of granting the Federation of Independence, after which on November 26, President de Gaulle received them and Senghora at the Champs Elysees and announced the consent of France. Dia met again with de Gaulle on December 12, 1959 in Saint-Louis, when he attended the VI session of the Executive Council of the French Community. On December 13, he, together with de Gaulle, Senghor and Modibo Keita, arrived in Dakar, where de Gaulle addressed the Federal Assembly of Mali and officially announced France’s consent to replace the Community with a new association. In 1960, Mamadou Dia and Keita held talks in Paris on the independence of the Federation of Mali, which was proclaimed on June 20, 1960. However, the Federation, as well as the cooperation between the two politicians, lasted only two months after this ^[6] .

At the head of the coup on August 20, 1960

In the summer of 1960, a conflict was growing in the leadership of the Federation between the representatives of Senegal and the Sudan Republic regarding the ways of further development of the country. In anticipation of the federal presidential election on August 27, at which Sengor was to confront Lamin Gay, the confrontation between the head of the federal government and his deputy, who also received the post of Minister of Defense, reached a critical point. After Modibo Keita introduced a state of emergency in the country on August 20, 1960 and relieved Mamada Dia, who was then in Ties, from the duties of deputy prime minister, he returned to Dakar in the evening and took control of the situation at 23.00. He convened an emergency meeting of the Legislative Assembly of Senegal and reassigned the army and security forces. Собравшиеся через час депутаты по предложению Диа приняли законопроекты об отмене передачи компетенций в пользу Федерации Мали, о преобразовании Законодательной ассамблеи в Национальное собрание, о провозглашении независимости и о введении чрезвычайного положения ^[8] . Модибо Кейта и его соратники были арестованы, посажены в поезд и отправлены в Каес на территории Суданской республики ^[9] .

Премьер-министр

На следующий день после переворота Национальное собрание Сенегала утвердило Мамаду Диа Председателем Совета министров с широкими полномочиями. Он получил право определять и проводить политику нации, назначать и смещать министров ^[6] . Если президенту Сенгор занимался вопросами внешней политики, то экономика страны была полностью предоставлена Диа ^[10] . В сентябре 1960 года он в Париже подписывает новый договор о передаче Францией Сенегалу компетенций международного суверенитета, а 8 декабря того же года выступает в Генеральной ассамблее ООН по случаю принятия страны в члены Организации Объединённых Наций ^[6] . Распад Федерации и разрыв с Мали ухудшил экономическое положение Сенегала, промышленность которого на время лишилась малийских рынков сбыта. Мамаду Диа вводит в действие первый четырёхлетний план развития страны, разработанный уже к январю 1961 года ^[11] , модернизирует систему администрации, пытается внедрить «просвещённый» ислам ^[2] , вводит в марте 1962 года инвестиционный кодекс, поощряющий иностранные капиталовложения в экономику Сенегала ^[12] . Двумя основными задачами четырёхлетки становятся развитие страны в интересах всего населения и развитие личности с целью справедливого распределения доходов и освобождения Сенегал от экономической зависимости. Мамаду Диа постоянно вторгается во внешнюю политику, бывшую сферой интересов Сенгора. Он посещает страны Европы, заключает экономические соглашения, ведёт переговоры с президентом Франции генералом де Голлем и с президентом Гвинеи Ахмедом Секу Туре ^[11] , делает упор на развитие отношений со странами Востока, в частности с арабскими странами, при этом развивая связи с Европой, Скандинавией и Израилем, выступает за валютную, экономическую и таможенную интеграцию африканских государств ^[6] . В сентябре 1961 года Диа принимает приглашение Н. С. Хрущёва посетить СССР и в июне 1962 года посещает Москву ^[11] .

Мамаду Диа готовится к разрыву тесных экономических отношений с Францией, о чём заявляет в 1961 году в одной из своих публикаций. Распространено мнение, что именно эта попытка нарушить французские интересы и привела к слому его политической карьеры ^[13] .

Зарубежные поездки

• 1961 год — Австрия , Федеративная Республика Германии и Швеция ^[11] ;
• 1962 - USSR, Polish People’s Republic , Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , Hungarian People’s Republic (June) and Mauritania ^[12] .

Fall

Mamadou Dia recalled that President Senghor did not criticize his policies and did not stand in opposition to him, but he looked at the government’s events coldly. Over time, the influence on Sengor of his entourage also began to affect, which began to convince the president that Dia’s policy led to the flight of capital from Senegal. In response to this, on December 8, 1962, Dia delivered a speech in Dakar at the international colloquium "Various development policies and the paths of African socialism." In it, he stated that it was necessary “to discard the old structures in a revolutionary way” ( Fr. Rejet révolutionnaire des anciennes structures ) and called for “the development of general changes that will transform the colonial society and a market economy into a free society and into a development economy” ( Fr. concevoir une mutation totale qui substitue à la société coloniale et à l'économie de traite une société libre et une économie de développement ). The Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of Senegal responded by issuing a motion of no confidence to the government with 39 out of 80 votes ^[12] . Mamadou Dia rejected the vote, citing the fact that it was initiated outside the party framework and contradicts the legislation on the current state of emergency. However, President Senghor demanded that the issue be considered by a joint meeting of the National Assembly of Senegal, but Mamadou Dia opposed its convening. On December 17, 1962, he simply dispersed the parliament, the Assembly building on Republic Boulevard was surrounded by gendarmerie cordons, four deputies were arrested. But in the afternoon, the chairman of the National Assembly, Lamin Gay, a longtime opponent of Mamadou Dia, nevertheless held a meeting and fired the government.

On December 18, 1962, Mamadou Dia and his supporters - Minister of Finance Valdiodio Ndiaye, Minister of Development Ibrahima Sarr, Minister of Transport and Telecommunications Joseph Mbaye, Minister-Delegate to the Information Council Aliun Tall were arrested by paratrooper units. The chief of the General Staff of the Senegalese army was sent to prison ^[12] . Their case was examined by the Supreme Court from May 9 to 13, 1963, with one of the lawyers for Mamadou Dia, the future president of the country Abdoulay Wad , and the second was the famous lawyer Robert Badenter , future senator, minister of justice and chairman of the Constitutional Council of France. The former prime minister was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to serve his sentence in the city of Kedugu ^[2] .

The National Assembly of Senegal abolished the post of prime minister and established a presidential republic ^[12] , and in September 1963, President Senghor at the IV Congress of the Progressive Union of Senegal laid all responsibility for the country's economic problems ^[14] .

Many famous people spoke out for the liberation of Mamadou Dia, including Pope John XXIII (despite the fact that Dia was a Muslim) and Jean-Paul Sartre , but Sengor was deaf to these requests for a long time. Dia was released only in March 1974, after 12 years of imprisonment, and was granted amnesty in April 1976, a month after the restoration of the multi-party system in the country ^[10] .

An attempt to return to big politics

After his release, the sixty-five-year-old Mamadou Dia headed the illegally left Socialist Party of Self-Government, close to Marxist organizations, but recognized the need to preserve the national private and mixed sectors of the economy. In 1981, after President Abdou Diouf came to power, the party was legalized under the name Democratic People's Movement , and Mamadou Dia officially headed it as the National General Coordinator. The DND party advocated the construction of self-governing socialism , demanded the introduction of a new constitution, the abolition of extraordinary judicial bodies, the widespread nationalization and withdrawal of French troops from Senegal. However, this small party, which he led, did not find support among the population, did not receive a single seat in the parliamentary elections, and was not even able to take shape organizationally ^[15] .

In the last years of his life, an elderly politician tried to influence the political life of Senegal as a political commentator in the local media. He deeply regretted the death of former President Leopold Cedar Senghor in 2001 and sharply criticized the policy of economic liberalism of President Abdullay Wad, his former lawyer ^[10] .

Dia Mamadou died on January 25, 2009 in Dakar at the age of 99. His death was reported by the Senegalese news agency APS ^[16] .

In connection with the centenary of Mamadou Dia in 2010, high assessments of his personality and his role in the history of the country spread in Senegal. It was not without reason that Dia would remain in history “as the first builder of the Republic, the architect and developer of the foundations of state and administrative institutions” ( French: le premier bâtisseur de République, l'architecte et le concepteur de l'armature institutionnelle et administrative . Senegalese scientist Jabril Samb, a former director of the Black Africa Foundation Institute in Dakar, argued: “we can say that Mamadou Dia is the real father of the modern Senegalese state” ( French on pourrait dire que Mamadou Dia est le véritable père de l'Etat sénégalaise modern ) ^{[6 ]} .

The Dakar Municipal Council renamed Republic Boulevard to Mamadou Dia Boulevard ^[6] .

• He was one of the most long-lived leaders of the heads of state and government in the world.
• Senegal's longest-lived prime minister.

• Contribution à l'étude du mouvement coopératif en Afrique noire , Présence africaine, 1951 (rééd. 1961, 1962)
• Réflexions sur l'économie de l'Afrique Noire , Éditions africaines, 1954 (rééd. 1960, 1961)
• L'économie africaine: études et problèmes nouveaux , Presses universitaires de France, 1957
• Nations africaines et solidarité mondiale , 1960 (rééd. 1963)
• Islam, sociétés africaines et culture industrielle , Nouvelles éditions africaines, 1975
• Essais sur l'Islam , vol. 1, Islam et humanisme , Nouvelles éditions africaines, 1977
• Essais sur l'Islam , vol. 2, Socio-anthoroplogie de l'Islam , Nouvelles éditions africaines, 1979
• Essais sur l'Islam , vol. 3, Islam et civilizations négro-africaines , Nouvelles éditions africaines, 1980
• Mémoires d'un militant du Tiers monde: si mémoire ne ment , Publisud, 1985
• A governance approach to civil service reform in Sub-Saharan Africa , World Bank, 1993
• Africa's management in the 1990s and beyond: reconciling indigenous and transplanted institutions , World Bank, 1996
• Kaso: le migrant perpétuel , Esprit frappeur, 1999
• Afrique: le prix de la liberté , L'Harmattan, 2001 (rééd. 2003)
• Échec de l'alternance au Sénégal et crise du monde libéra l, L'Harmattan, 2005
• Sénégal, radioscopie d'une alternance avortée (articles et documents)
• Corbeille pour l'an 2000 Editions Paix et développement, Dakar 1995

• Dia, Mamadou (curriculum vitae) // Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . - M. , 1961 .-- S. 559 .
• Mamadou Dia // New time . - M. , 1961. - Issue. Number 21 . - S. 15 .
• Senegal // Yearbooks of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia . - M. , 1962-1964.
• Mamadou Dia. Discours et déclarations 1957 à 1961 , Ministère de l'information, de la radiodiffusion et de la presse, impr. du Gouvernement au Sénégal puis impr. de la République du Sénégal, Saint-Louis, 19 ?, 11 fasc.
• F. Diaye, M. Printz, Tine, Visages publics au Sénégal. 10 personnalités politiques parlent , L'Harmattan , 1991, 260 p. ISBN 2-7384-0567-3
• Adama Baytir Diop, Le Sénégal à l'heure de l'indépendance: Le projet politique de Mamadou Dia (1957-1962) , L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007 ISBN 2296047246
• Babacar Ndiaye et Waly Ndiaye, Présidents et ministres de la République du Sénégal , Dakar, 2006, p. 32

• Mamadou DIA (1910 - 2009) (French) . l'Assemblée nationale français. Date of treatment August 14, 2012. Archived on August 18, 2012.
• DIA Mamadou, Ancien sénateur du Sénégal (Fr.) . Senat. Date of treatment August 19, 2012. Archived August 21, 2012.
• Philippe Gaillard. Mamadou Dia (Fr.) . Jeune Afrique 2 (02/03/2009 à 14h: 36). Date of treatment May 29, 2013. Archived May 29, 2013.
• Staff Reporter. Key Senegalese politician, Mamadou Dia, dies . Guardian (03 Feb 2009 10:04). Date of treatment August 19, 2012. Archived August 21, 2012.
• Mamadou Moustapha Dia . Encyclopædia Britannica. Date of treatment August 19, 2012. Archived August 21, 2012.
• Amina Ndiaye Leclerc et Eric Cloué. FLASHBACK SENEGAL: Senegal Crise 1962. "Extrait du film Les hommes de l'indépendance, un film de Amina Ndiaye Leclerc et Eric Cloué. Crisé de décembre 1962: Senghor ne partageait pas la même vision de la souveraineté nationale du Sénégal et meme Valdiodio Ndiaye. Témoignage de Robert Badinter, ancien Président du Conseil Constitutionnel: "Il n'y a jamais eu de complot auquel Valdiodio Ndiaye aurait participé" (Fr.) . YouTube. Newsreel. Political crisis in Senegal in December 1962. Date of treatment May 6, 2013.