| The beginnings of thermodynamics |
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| The article is part of the Thermodynamics series. |
| Initial provisions of thermodynamics |
| Zero start of thermodynamics |
| The first law of thermodynamics |
| The second law of thermodynamics |
| Third Law of Thermodynamics |
| Sections of thermodynamics |
| The beginnings of thermodynamics |
| Equation of state |
| Thermodynamic quantities |
| Thermodynamic potentials |
| Thermodynamic cycles |
| Phase transitions |
| See also βPhysical Portalβ |
The beginnings of thermodynamics - a set of underlying postulates of thermodynamics, independent from each other, of empirical origin and still not refuted by practice and scientific experiments [1] . The principles of thermodynamics develop concepts taken from experimental facts with the aim of creating a formal apparatus of the theory, but from a logical point of view, the following traditional list of laws of thermodynamics does not represent a complete system of axioms [2] [3] . In addition, thermodynamics also uses experimental facts not contained in its basic laws.
The laws of thermodynamics are not based on the consideration of simplified models of objects and phenomena, that is, they are universal in nature and are satisfied regardless of the specific nature of the bodies forming the macroscopic system [4] [5] . The substantiation of the laws of thermodynamics and their relationship with the laws of motion of microparticles from which macroscopic bodies are built is given by statistical physics [5] . It also allows you to find out the limits of applicability of the laws of thermodynamics.
Content
The list of thermodynamics began
- The βminus oneβ principle of thermodynamics is the provision on the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium [6] . In domestic literature, this postulate is often called the general principle of thermodynamics [7] [8] . The βminus oneβ principle is used in axiomatic systems for constructing thermodynamics based on ideas about contact equilibria [9] [10] [11] and the law of conservation of generalized coordinates [12] [13] . In rational thermodynamics , an approach is used in which there is no need to distinguish between equilibrium and nonequilibrium processes [14] and axiomatization of the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium.
- The zero beginning of thermodynamics allows, based on the concept of contact thermal equilibrium, to introduce [15] [16] a certain state function of the system that has the properties of empirical temperature, that is, create instruments for measuring temperature. The equality of empirical temperatures measured using such a device - a thermometer , is a condition for the thermal equilibrium of systems (or parts of the same system).
- The first law of thermodynamics extends the law of conservation of energy to thermal systems and processes associated with the transfer of energy in the form of heat [17] .
- The second law of thermodynamics imposes restrictions on the direction of thermodynamic processes, prohibiting spontaneous heat transfer from less heated bodies to more heated ones. It is also formulated as the law of increase (non-decrease) of entropy [18] .
- The third law of thermodynamics speaks of the unattainability of an absolute zero of temperature by means of a finite number of thermodynamic processes, and also describes the behavior of entropy near an absolute zero of temperatures: entropy tends to a constant value, and all derivatives of entropy with respect to thermodynamic variables tend to zero [19] .
P. T. Landsberg supplemented the above list with the fourth law of thermodynamics , according to which the same set of variables is used to describe the state of homogeneous open equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems as for homogeneous closed equilibrium systems, supplemented by variables characterizing the chemical composition of the system [20] [21 ] [21 ] ] .
See also
- Axiomatics of Thermodynamics
- Thermodynamics
Notes
- β Rudoi Yu.G. Thermodynamics // Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2016, Volume 32.
- β MΓΌnster A., ββClassical Thermodynamics, 1970 , p. five.
- β Munster, A., Chemical Thermodynamics, 2002 , p. 13.
- β Lebedev V.V., Khalatnikov I.M. Thermodynamics // Physical Encyclopedia, 1998, Volume 5.
- β 1 2 Eliashberg G.M. Thermodynamics // Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.), 1976, Volume 25.
- β Brown HR, Uffink J. The origins of time-asymmetry in thermodynamics: The minus first law // Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies In History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. - Elsevier, 2001 .-- Vol. 32, no. 4 . - P. 525-538. - DOI : 10.1016 / S1355-2198 (01) 00021-1 .
- β Bazarov I.P., Thermodynamics, 1961 , p. sixteen.
- β Bazarov I.P., Thermodynamics, 2010 , p. 17.
- β Tisza L., Generalized Thermodynamics, 1966 .
- β Petrov N., Brankov J., Current Problems of Thermodynamics, 1986 , p. 63-76.
- β Munster, A., Chemical Thermodynamics, 2002 , p. 68-69.
- β Sviridov V.V., Sviridov A.V., Physical chemistry, 2016 , p. 106-107.
- β Bulatov N.K., Lundin A. B., Thermodynamics of irreversible physical and chemical processes, 1984 , p. 14.
- β Zhilin P.A. , Rational Continuum Mechanics, 2012, p. 47: βThe significance given in literature to the concepts of equilibrium and nonequilibrium processes is known. It should be noted that the use of these ideas is not connected with the nature of things, but exclusively with the accepted method of reasoning and introducing basic concepts. β
- β Zalewski K., Phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics, 1973 , p. 11-12.
- β Leontovich M.A. Introduction to Thermodynamics, 1983 , p. 29-32.
- β Kuznetsov N.M. The First Beginning of Thermodynamics // Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2014, Volume 25.
- β Zisman G.A., Khalatnikov I.M. The Second Law of Thermodynamics // Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.), 1971, Volume 5.
- β Rudoy Yu.G. The Third Law of Thermodynamics // Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2016, Volume 32.
- β Landsberg PT, Thermodynamics with Quantum Statistical Illustrations, 1961 , p. 142.
- β Landsberg PT, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, 1978 , p. 79.
Literature
- Landsberg PT Thermodynamics with Quantum Statistical Illustrations. - New York - London: Interscience Publishers, 1961 .-- X + 499 p. - (Monographs in Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics. Vol. 2).
- Landsberg PT Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978. - XIII + 461 p.
- MΓΌnster A. Classical Thermodynamics. - London ea: Wiley-Interscience, 1970 .-- xiv + 387 p. - ISBN 0 471 62430 6 .
- Tisza Laszlo . Generalized Thermodynamics. - Cambridge (Massachusetts) - London (England): The MIT Press, 1966. - xi + 384 p.
- Bazarov I.P. Thermodynamics. - M .: Fizmatgiz , 1961 .-- 292 p.
- Bazarov I.P. Thermodynamics. - 5th ed. - SPb. β M. β Krasnodar: Doe, 2010 .-- 384 p. - (Textbooks for universities. Special literature). - ISBN 978-5-8114-1003-3 .
- Bulatov N. K., Lundin A. B. Thermodynamics of irreversible physical and chemical processes. - M .: Chemistry, 1984. - 335 p.
- Zhilin P.A. Rational Continuum Mechanics. - 2nd ed. - SPb. : Publishing house Polytechnic. University, 2012 .-- 584 p. - ISBN 978-5-7422-3248-3 .
- Zalewski K. Phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics: A short course of lectures / Per. from polish. under. ed. L. A. Serafimova. - M .: Mir, 1973. - 168 p.
- Leontovich M. A. Introduction to Thermodynamics. Statistical Physics. - M .: Nauka, 1983 .-- 416 p.
- Munster A. Chemical thermodynamics / Per. with him. under. ed. Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences Ya. I. Gerasimov. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: URSS, 2002 .-- 296 p. - ISBN 5-354-00217-6 .
- Petrov N., Brankov J. Modern problems of thermodynamics. - Per. with bulg. - M .: Mir , 1986.- 287 p.
- Sviridov V.V., Sviridov A.V. Physical chemistry. - SPb. : Doe, 2016 .-- 597 s. - ISBN 978-5-8114-2262-3 .