Chechens have the military-economic or military-political association, the union of typs (teips) that are not related by blood relationship , but Tukkhum (also tokkhum ) (from the Tchekan “tokhe” - “well-fed”, “sufficient” [1] ) united for a common solution to common problems - protection against enemy attacks and economic exchange [2] . Tukhum occupied a certain territory, which consisted of the area actually populated by it, as well as the surrounding area, where the teips that were part of tukhum were engaged in hunting, cattle breeding and agriculture. Each tukkhum spoke its own dialect of the Chechen language [3] .
Tukhum, unlike the teip, did not have an official head or commander ( Chech. Blachcha ). Thus, tukhum was not so much a governing body as a social organization. The advisory body of tukhum was the council of elders, which consisted of representatives of all the teips that were part of this tukhum, on an equal footing. The Council of Elders was convened, if necessary, to resolve inter-teip disputes and disagreements, to protect the interests of both individual teips and tukhum as a whole. The Council of Elders had the right to declare war, conclude peace, negotiate with the help of its and other ambassadors, enter into alliances and break them [3] .
Tukhumi
At present, Chechens are divided into 9 Tukkhums that developed in the 16th – 17th centuries [4] , which include about 100 teips:
- Ovkhoi / Akkiy ( Aukhovites , Ovkhoi, Okoki) are representatives of Chechen societies historically living in the territory of present Dagestan (currently the approximate number is up to 100 thousand people).
- Melchiy ( Myalkhisty , Malkhiy), (currently the approximate number is up to 10 thousand people).
- Nokhchmakhkakhoy (also known as the Ichkeria , one of the most numerous) (currently the approximate number is up to 1.5 million people).
- Orstkhoy ( karabulak ), (currently the approximate number is up to 100 thousand people).
- Terloi ( Chech. Terloi ), (currently the approximate number is up to 50 thousand people).
- Chantiy ( Chech. Chantiy ), (currently the approximate number is up to 50 thousand people).
- Chebarloy ( Chech. Cheberloy ), (currently the approximate number is up to 100 thousand people).
- Sharoy ( Chech. Sharoy ), (currently the approximate number is up to 50 thousand people).
- Shatoi (shuto, coats), (currently the approximate number is up to 100 thousand people).
There are also teips that are not included in any of the tukhums (currently the approximate number is up to 100 thousand people).
See also
- List of Chechen Tukhums and Typs
- Shahar
Notes
- ↑ S. A. Nataev - “On the problem of the Chechen taip in historical research”, Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic (No. 2), 2009.
- ↑ Teipes and Tukhumas (Inaccessible link) . Date of treatment March 21, 2009. Archived June 18, 2008.
- ↑ 1 2 Mamakaev M.A. Chechen taip during its decomposition . - Gr. : Chechen-Ingush. Prince Publishing House, 1973. (link unavailable)
- ↑ Mamakaev M. Chechen teip (genus) during its decomposition. Gr. , 1973. Reprint of the chapter "Chechen teip" // ed. Yu. A. Aydaev Chechens. History, Modernity Moscow: “Peace to Your Home” 352 pp. 1996 ISBN 5-87553-005-7
Literature
- Mamakaev M. Chechen type (genus) during its decomposition . - Gr. , 1973. (unavailable link)
- Ilyasov L. Mater. Vseros. scientific conf. Moscow, April 19-20, 2005. // Chechen Republic and Chechens: History and Present. - M .: "Science" , 2006. - S. 176-185.
- Chesnov Ya. V. Being a Chechen: personality and ethnic identifications of the people // Collection of articles: Chechnya and Russia: societies and states / Executive editor-compiler D. E. Furman . - Issue 3. - M .: Polinform-Talburi, 1999. - 432 p. - ISBN 5-93516-004-8 .
Links
- Chechen teips . Private site of A.V. Takaev.
- Chechens . (inaccessible link) Site of the Russian Ethnographic Museum.