Nikitsky Botanical Garden

Base. XIX century

In June 1811, in St. Petersburg, Emperor Alexander I signed the “Decree on the Establishment of the Imperial State Botanical Garden in Crimea”, in which he permitted the state garden to be set up in the “midday part of Crimea”, allocating up to 10,000 rubles annually. The decree was issued at the request of the Kherson military governor, Duke Emanuel Osipovich de Richelieu , who then governed the Novorossiysk Territory . The Richelieu initiative was developed with the support of the 29-year-old Count Mikhail Vorontsov , who was close to the emperor, and with the assistance of the chief inspector for sericulture in the south of Russia, Bieberstein , an outstanding German botanist who had served in Russia for almost twenty years.

In March 1812 , on the recommendation of Richelieu and Bieberstein, the famous scientist-naturalist, assistant and student of Bieberstein, 31-year-old Christian Steven , was appointed to the post of director of the Imperial Tauride State Botanical Garden established on the southern coast of Crimea. It was he who organized the botanical garden as the first experimental garden institution in the south of Russia. According to Christian Steven, this institution was to make an extensive nursery of all useful and ornamental plants in southern Europe, for their distribution in the Crimea. In September 1812, the first landings were made.

Three years later, the botanical garden released its first catalog of plants, which included the sale of 95 varieties of apple trees, 58 varieties of pears, 6 berry and 15 ornamental species ^[2] .

“Here, Steven’s observations and theoretical studies,” wrote academician P.I. Keppen , “were joined by the practice, which all southern Russia owes to the cultivation and distribution of a large number of new more or less acclimatized trees and plants, both with falling leaves and evergreen as well as the best varieties of fruit trees. " Thanks to Steven, the Nikitsky garden soon turned into a beautiful nursery and a botanical acclimatization center, which served as a stage in the transition of plants from east to west and back from Europe to Asia.

These services of Steven on the arrangement of the garden, discovered by Academician Keppen in his work Ueber Pflanzen-Acclimatisirung in Russland , prompted the Duke of Richelieu to ask Emperor Alexander I for 2000 for a hardworking scientist 2000 chervontsy , which gave Steven the opportunity to take a two-year trip to explore fruit and other trees most suitable for supplying them with the Nikitsky Garden.

For 12 years of tireless activity, Christian Steven has collected more than 450 species of exotic plants. The initial project involved the free placement of plants in combination with lawns and viewing areas.

Here, experiments on tobacco culture were first started, which subsequently received a very successful continuation. Vegetable plants were also tested. At the same time, Steven was engaged in research of the wild-growing (natural) flora of the Crimea with great enthusiasm.

In 1824, Christian Steven settled in Simferopol and transferred the management of the garden to his assistant Nikolai Andreyevich Gartvis , leaving behind the general leadership of this institution.

After the death of Bieberstein in 1826, Steven was appointed in his place the chief inspector of sericulture and, in the absence of time, resigned as director of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, while retaining, however, the main supervision of this institution. Gardener Warden Hartvis has been appointed Director.

Hartvis gave his life to the botanical garden; he remained its director until the end of his days - 33 years. During this time, the arboretum collection more than doubled, and ties with many trade organizations in Western Europe and America strengthened. Nikolai Andreevich collected a wonderful collection of conifers: giant sequoias from California , cedars , cypresses , pines . A special expedition visited the Caucasus and brought Caucasian fir ( Abies nordmanniana ), oriental spruce ( Picea orientalis ), rhododendrons , azaleas to the Crimea. Currently, the area of ​​the arboretum is 40 ha ^[3] .

In 1828, a school was set up to teach practical gardening in Nikitsky Garden. At the same time, fan palm trees , magnolias , plane trees appeared .

In the same 1828, Hartvis, on the lands of the tract "Magarach", belonging to the Nikitsky garden, laid the foundation of a large Magarach vineyard and established the Magarach vineyard and winemaking .

Since 1861 , after the death of Hartvis on November 24, 1860, the botanist and geographer Vasily Fedorovich Keller became the director of the Imperial Nikitsky Garden until 1865. Then the post of director of the Imperial Nikitsky Garden was held by an official Pavlo-Shvydkovsky until 1866. Nikolai Zabel led the garden for 14 years, until 1880 , paying great attention to viticulture.

In 1869, Zabel transformed the Magarach Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking into the Nikitsky School of Horticulture and Winemaking, with a 5-year course and the rights of lower agricultural schools of the 1st category. In addition, the school had higher practical courses in winemaking. All students in 1895 were 84, trainees in higher education - 14. From 1869 until the end of the XIX century, the school graduated 129 people.

From the 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century, the extensive experimental work of the Nikitsky Garden ceased due to a decrease in its funding. During this period in the history of the garden, only the Nikitsky School of Viticulture and Winemaking successfully continued to exist. The educational activity completely absorbed the previous experimental work in the garden, as its director M. F. Shcherbakov reported in his memorandum of January 15, 1910 ^[4] .

At the end of the 19th century, the Nikitsky garden had about 116 acres, of which 32 acres under vineyards, a fruit and ornamental garden, a gardener, nurseries and a tobacco plantation (vineyards occupied about 17 acres). Wines were made from 2500 to 3000 buckets ^[5] .

In 1912, the centenary of the garden was celebrated - a solemn, antique-style colonnade was built at the entrance to the Lower Park, a general improvement of the garden was carried out.

Since 1907, botanical research began to be established, interrupted after the departure of XX Steven. This was facilitated by the arrival in the Garden of a major physiologist, future academician V.N. Lyubimenko , who organized a botanical office in 1908, and prominent botanists I.I. Kuznetsov and E.V. Wulf . In 1914, E.V. Wulf created a herbarium . Currently, it is the largest repository of the Crimean flora in the territory of the former USSR, numbering over 100 thousand herbarium sheets.

Years of the USSR

Huge damage to the garden was caused by the occupation by German troops during the Great Patriotic War . The military destroyed a large number of plants, exported the most valuable herbarium collected by Wulf. Immediately after the liberation of Yalta in April 1944, restoration work began in Nikitsky Garden. The director of the garden, Anatoly Safronovich Koverga, accomplished a truly feat: having traveled thousands of kilometers across Poland and Germany, he found an exported herbarium in a small place near Berlin and delivered it to the Crimea.

It was administered by the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. V.I. Lenin . The garden consisted of three departments - Central, Stepnoye and Primorskoe and an introduction-quarantine nursery.

In 1962 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor . By 1973, the area of ​​the garden with branches was about 960 hectares ^[6] . By 1986 - 996 ha ^[7] .

Ukraine

Nikitsky Botanical Garden - National Scientific Center of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine.

In December 2001, the arboretum of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, and in September 2009 the Crimean collection of herbarium of the garden received the status of the national treasure of Ukraine - were entered into the state register of scientific objects that make up the national treasure of Ukraine.

During the years of Ukrainian independence, a rose garden and two parks were closed and built up: Primorsky and Montedor. They were officially closed for repairs, then they created a research institute , which took the land of parks for rent, and later privatized it, and built up cottages ^[8] .

In 2005, the Consol company illegally began mass development of 3.7 hectares of the coastal territory of the Garden with elite cottages ^{[9] [10]} . On this site was the famous collection of roses of the Nikitsky Garden, which in the mid -1980s numbered about 2000 varieties of domestic and foreign selection.

On the built-up areas of the parks, the houses are owned by former Crimean Prime Minister Sergei Kunitsyn , former Prime Minister of Ukraine Valery Pustovoitenko , at least 20 people's deputies, former Prosecutor General Svyatoslav Piskun and his deputy Viktor Shemchuk, former Minister of Internal Affairs Gennady Moskal and other Ukrainian security officials ^[8] .

In 2012, Nikitsky Botanical Garden celebrated its 200th anniversary. In the same year, the Ukrainian leadership of the Garden dismantled the monument to Lenin, which stood on the main avenue since 1962 ^[11] .

Russia

In the spring of 2014, Crimea joined the Russian Federation . In the same period, in April 2014, the Presidium of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea, by its resolution, created the Crimean republican enterprise “ Nikitsky Botanical Garden - Crimean Scientific Center ”, which transferred all the property of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden of the UAAS - National Scientific Center. The director also changed, he was appointed Yuri Plowatar. The newly created organization was transferred to the Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Crimea. ^[12]

In 2019, the State Heritage Committee of Crimea through a court ordered the leadership of the Garden to restore the monument to Lenin dismantled in 2012 in its original state ^[11] .

Every year in the Nikitsky BS chrysanthemum ball is held ^[13] . In addition, there are exhibitions of tulips, irises, daylilies, clematis and roses.

•  

  Blue pool in the center of the ground

•  

  Alley inside the garden.

•  

  Arbor in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. 2004 year .

The dissertation council D 900.004.01 was created in the specialties ^[14]

• 02/03/01 - Botany (biological sciences)
• 02/03/08 - Ecology (biological sciences)

Chrysanthemum Ball

The exhibition of chrysanthemums is held annually from the second half of October to mid-November (depending on weather conditions, the dates may be shifted) ^[15] .

In 2014, the Queen of Chrysanthemums became the chrysanthemum of the Kiko variety, and the princess - the Cappuccino variety ^[16] .

Stamps of the Soviet period:

• Postage stamps of the USSR, 1962
•  
•  
•  
•  

In 2012, the Ukrainian Post issued a series of stamps dedicated to the bicentennial of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. ^[17]

The following is a list of leaders of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden throughout its history: ^[18]

1. 1812-1827 - Christian Steven ( Director of the Imperial Taurian State Botanical Garden )
2. 1827-1860 - Nikolai Gartvis
3. 1860-1865 - Vasily Keller
4. 1865-1866 - Pavlo-Shvitovsky
5. 1866-1880 - Nikolai Zabel
6. 1880 - Nikolai Danilevsky
7. 1880-1881 - Alexander Salomon
8. 1881-1891 - Alexander Bazarov ( director of the garden and Nikitsky School of horticulture and winemaking )
9. 1891–1897 - Pavel Antsiferov , father of Nikolai Pavlovich Antsiferov
10. 1898-1902 - Konstantin Tarkhov
11. 1902-1905 - Herman Lagermark
12. 1905-1906 - Yuriy Pilenko , father of Elizabeth Pilenko
13. 1906-1907 - Vladimir Lomakin
14. 1907-1915 - Mikhail Shcherbakov
15. 1915-1918 - Nikolai Kuznetsov
16. 1919-1920 - Vladimir Palladin
17. 1920—1927 - Theophilus of Kalaid
18. 1927-1930 - Nikolay Kovalev
19. 1930-1933 - Vasily Voevodin
20. 1933-1934 - Nicholas Shabadah
21. 1934-1937 - Vladimir Abaev
22. 1938-1939 - Georgy Verbenko
23. 1939-1942 - Anatoly Koverga
24. 1942-1943 - Heinrich Walter (German: Heinrich (Karl) Walter) ^[19]
25. 1943-1958 - Anatoly Koverga
26. 1958-1977 - Mikhail Kochkin
27. 1977-1979 - Konstantin Kalutsky ^[20]
28. 1979-1988 - Evgeny Molchanov
29. 1988-1992 - Alexander Chebotar ^[21]
30. 1992-1999 - Adolf Lischuk
31. 1999—2014 - Valery Ezhov
32. from 2014 to the present - Yuri Pugatar

• Color specific film " In the Nikitsky Botanical Garden " ( 1952 ), dir. Yuri Ozerov ^[22]
• The group “Time Machine” in the album “Unreleased Part 2” has the song “In the Nikitsky Botanical Garden”.

• Strawberry NBS
• Olive NBS
• Pistachio NBS
• Klausen, Emilius Karlovich

• Golubeva I.V., Kormilitsyn A.M. Nikitsky Botanical Garden . - Kiev: Mistetsvo, 1978.
• Nikitsky Botanical Garden: on the 175th anniversary of the foundation / E.F. Molchanov, N.I. Rubtsov . - K .: Naukova Dumka , 1986.
• Lapin P.I. Botanical Gardens of the USSR . - M .: Kolos, 1984. - 216 p.
• Koverga A.S. , Chernova N.M. Nikitsky Botanical Garden named after V.M. Molotov: A Guidebook. - Simferopol: Krimizdat, 1952. - 144 p. - 15,000 copies.

• Official site of Nikitsky Botanical Garden
• The official scientific site of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden
• Virtual tour of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden
• Blooming tulips in Nikitsky Botanical Garden
• Virtual tour of Crimea in 360 degree panoramas, Nikitsky Botanical Garden
• Nikitsky Botanical Garden on an interactive detailed map of Crimea
• Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Story
• Photos from the Nikitsky Botanical Garden 2011-2012.
• Nikitsky Botanical Garden in Crimea is preparing to enter Russian structures. Newspaper. Ru 03/18/2014