Inference is a step of logical inference , direct derivation of a statement- conclusion from one or more statements (“ premises ”), the simplest argument .
In logic, inference is recorded in the form of a horizontal line, over which the premises stand, and below the line a conclusion is written. For example,
Conclusions (separate steps of the output) share:
- In the direction of logical following.
- Deductive (from general to particular).
- Inductive (from private to general).
- Transductive (from one degree of generality to the same degree of generality).
- According to the reliability of the conclusion.
- demonstrative (authentic), where the truth of the parcels is directly related to the truth of the conclusion (the information in the conclusion is part of the information in the parcels). Such conclusions are usually found in exact sciences , especially in mathematics, more often in the form of deductive conclusions (where correctness is guaranteed by the very form of logical following ), but also in the form of mathematical induction , full induction , a strict analogy , where truth is affected, besides form, and meanings included in the reasoning terms.
- non-demonstrative, where information is added in the process of reasoning, and therefore the truth of the conclusion is not guaranteed even in the case of the truth of the premises. Such plausible arguments include reverse deduction , incomplete induction , weak analogy , statistics conclusions. Plausible reasoning is used in hypothesizing and postulating law-like statements in empirical sciences .
- According to the number of parcels.
- Immediate.
- Mediocre.
See also
- Categorical syllogism
Literature
- Inference / Markin V. I. // Uland - Khvattsev. - M .: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2017. - P. 33—34. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 t.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, vol. 33). - ISBN 978-5-85270-370-5 .