Social security is the state of social interactions and social relations that exclude political, economic, spiritual suppression of the individual and social groups, the use of violence and armed forces against the state and (or) other social subjects towards them in order to achieve their goals [1] .
Not to be confused with the concept of social protection .
Societal security ( English Societal security ) is a concept used in the Copenhagen School of Security Studies , and denoting "the ability of society to maintain its essence in changing conditions and with possible or obvious threats ." [2] It is an integral part of the theory of the regional security complex .
History of origin
The end of the Cold War prompted scientists to rethink the security paradigm regardless of the state and the military. [3] The collapse of the USSR and the emergence of new states in Europe led to the strengthening of integration movements towards the creation of the European Union . The new order demanded a renewal of security in Europe and challenged its usual understanding as something lying between states. Thus, the movement towards ensuring the security of the European Union was directly related to its self-determination, freedom of movement of people and borders. The concept of "social security" was proposed by scientists associated with the Copenhagen Institute for the Study of Peace in relation to the current situation. [four]
Contents
In the monograph "Identity, Migration and New Security Agenda in Europe" Barry Buzan , Ole Waver , Morten Kelstrap and Pierre Lamatri noted the emergence of different concepts of the nation state , and then showed the difference between Western and Eastern Europe . In the west, there was a “ demarcation of the state and the nation, ” as member states, helped by a desire for integration in exchange for the loss of part of sovereignty . These steps towards a “ post-sovereign ” nation-state were caused by the “ internationalization and Europeanization ” of processes, when international institutions take greater influence in their internal affairs. [5] Subsequently, communities felt that there was a threat to their identity from integration, and that states were no longer able to stand up for their protection. There was a duality between the needs of the state and society, where " state security has sovereignty, as its final feature, and social security has an identity ." [5] The emergence of new states in Eastern Europe leads to the traditional attempt to merge the state and the nation into one that causes conflicts, as, for example, happened in Yugoslavia . [five]
In the monograph "Security: A New Framework for Analysis" Barry Buzan , Ole Waver Jap de Wild formulated their expanded understanding of security by identifying five sectors ( national security , political security , social security, economic security and environmental security ), each of which is governed by " distinctive characteristics and practices " and conceptualized around certain objects and actors ( political, social, economic, environmental and military). Social security is aimed at the security of the community as a whole, its main goal is “ large collective identities that can exist regardless of the state of the state ”. [6]
Social security is violated when “ society is afraid of the fact that it cannot survive on its own, ” and it follows from: [7]
- migration : the influx of people will " condense or dilute " group identity (for example, British)
- vertical competition : integration of the group with the framework of a wider organization (for example, Euroskepticism regarding the possibility of joining the EU, national separatist sentiments)
- horizontal competition : the group is forced to integrate the most influential identities within its own limits (for example, France protects its cultural exclusivity from American influence)
Social security is not tied to any territory, like national security (for example, the Kurds, whose security issues of the state and society differ greatly, which leads to conflict). [eight]
What securitization gives
Criticism
Notes
- ↑ Gafner, Petrov, Zabara, 2012 , p. 9.
- ↑ Buzan, Kelstrup, Lemaitre, Tromer, Waever, 1993 , p. 23.
- ↑ Bilgin, 2003 , p. 203.
- ↑ Bilgin, 2003 , p. 211.
- 2 1 2 3 Buzan, Kelstrup, Lemaitre, Tromer, Waever, 1993 .
- ↑ Buzan, Waever, Wilde, 1998 , p. 22
- ↑ Buzan, Waever, Wilde, 1998 .
- ↑ Buzan, Waever, Wilde, 1998 , p. 119.
Literature
- Arcudi G. . La sécurité entre indence et changement // Relations Internationales . - 2006. - № 125 . - pp . 97-109 .
- Bilgin P. Individual and Societal Dimensions of Security // International Studies Review . - 2003. - Vol. 5, No. 2 . - P. 203–222. - DOI : 10.1111 / 1521-9488.502002 .
- Buzan B. , Kelstrup M., Lemaitre P., Tromer E., Waever O. . Identity, Migration and Security Agenda in Europe . - Pinter, 1993. - 221 p.
- Buzan B. , Waever O. , Wilde J. de . Security: A New Framework for Analysis . - Boulder, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers , 1998. - 240 p.
- McSweeney B. . Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School // Review of International Studies . - 1996. - № 22 . - p . 81-96 .
- Gafner V.V., Petrov S.V., Zabara L.I. The dangers of a social nature and protection from them: studies. allowance. - M.: Flint: Science, 2012. - 320 p. - ISBN 978-5-02-037755-4 (Science); ISBN 978-5-9765-1401-0 (FLINT)