Exam

There are various forms and types of exams. In theoretical subjects, exams are conducted orally and in writing. According to their goals, exams are divided into school and state . There are the following types of school exams: entrance, translation, graduation. With the help of these exams, they test the knowledge of newcomers who move to the next class (course) and graduate from an educational institution.

Having taken shape back in the era of Peter's reforms , the system of school exams in Russia underwent a number of changes and was reformed more than once. The system of school exams, which was most developed in the 19th century, aroused sharp protest at the beginning of the 20th century from a number of teachers who indicated that it accustomed to mechanical cramming to the detriment of the student’s understanding and activity, that it depends a lot on chance, etc. n. “Not for knowledge, we are studying for the exam” - they used to say at that time. In this regard, there were attempts to slightly change the system of examination tests, but the February Revolution of 1917 broke out, and after it the October Revolution . Socialist transformations began that did not bypass the public education system .

After the October Revolution of 1917 , exams were canceled. However, the lack of systematic knowledge among graduates forced to restore the system of periodic testing of knowledge of students in the USSR .

On this occasion, on September 5, 1931, a special resolution was adopted by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On Primary and Secondary Schools." In 1932, a resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) appeared “On Curricula and Mode in Primary and Secondary Schools”, which indicated the need for verification tests for all students at the end of the year. In the same year, compulsory entrance tests were introduced in the main general subjects for students entering higher educational institutions.

Until the 1956–57 academic year, the comprehensive school examination system was based on a combination of translation exams, where students’s knowledge was tested for a given academic year, and final exams, where knowledge was tested over a number of years or for the entire course of study. In order to unload students from the 1956-57 school year, transfer exams were canceled, and students were transferred to the following classes according to annual assessments of knowledge. Similar final school exams with some changes have survived to the present.

The collapse of the USSR and subsequent reforms brought about changes in the education system in the Russian Federation.

The Unified State Exam (USE) was introduced in Russia in selected areas in 2001. In 2007, the State Duma adopted the Federal Law on the use of the Unified State Examination throughout Russia.

The key goal of introducing the exam is to try to give equal conditions for passing final exams at school and entering universities . When conducting this type of examinations throughout the country, tasks of the same complexity and a single gradation of assessment are offered. It is believed that these measures will make it possible to compare school graduates according to their level of knowledge.

Graduates who have passed the exam, upon completion of all exams in educational institutions, are issued a certificate of secondary (complete) general education and a certificate of the results of the exam. The certificate affixes points for each general education subject passed in the form of the exam.

Examinations can bring up a sense of responsibility , which is very important pedagogically . They require a large expenditure of energy and energy, cause the pupils a lot of excitement and anxiety, but in this allegedly one can see excellent preparation for a life not at all dotted with roses. However, not everyone in the pedagogical world holds such a view of exams; Doctors and parents especially disagree with him. The former insist that exams are certainly harmful to the health of students; it is established, for example, that during exams, students lose weight, etc.

Parents and some teachers believe that it is necessary to control teachers and students throughout the school year and put this control so rationally that exams are not needed. During the exam, the student is in a very special, abnormal state, which together with the brevity of time does not allow him to consider his answer a reliable indicator of his knowledge ^[1] . The very nature of training, according to opponents of exams, takes very undesirable forms, turning with other teachers into continuous coaching for exams.

Many students in the year carelessly relate to their duties, hoping for exams to adjust everything and fill in all the gaps; the level of knowledge, thus, decreases, and by no means increases, as the examiners say. The decisive importance of exams forces students to resort to various tricks and tricks ( cheat sheets , etc.) in order to get a satisfactory mark, and because of this, exams often have a more demoralizing effect on students, rather than preparing for life.

However, the use of a cheat sheet or telephone is the reason for removing a student from the exam without the right to re-examination ^[2]

Reexamination

The word "re-examination" is a slang school and student expression, it means re-passing (retaking) the exam, re-exam ^[3] . In the USSR, the mark for the exam was accrued as a mark for the whole subject. If the student did not pass the exam successfully, he had a chance to retake it. The second assessment replaced the first, which was not performed on the certificate.

The theme of re-examination and surrender of "tails" is often found in fiction and journalistic literature:

Of course, - I say, - you will not become more learned because you will be examined fifteen more times, but this will educate you in character. And thanks for that.

- A.P. Chekhov. Boring story ^[4]

• Scholarship
• Record book
• Colloquium
• Tail (student folklore)
• Testing
• Keju - State Exams in Imperial China
• Okhotminimum - state exam for the right to enter the society of hunters and fishers

• Sorgenfrey G.G. ,. Exam // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.