Romanian literature

The most valuable and oldest source of Romanian literature is folklore - epics , tales , songs (doine, basme, cântece). However, this folk art received its literary design only during the 19th century.

• dunes
• Mioritsa
• “Master Manole” (“Arges Monastery”)
• magical and heroic tales (young man Fat-Frumos , beauty Ilyana Kosyzyan , snake Laur Balaur )
• satirical tales and jokes (sly fools Pekale and Tyndale)

The oldest surviving document in Romanian is a letter dated 1521 from Nyakšu from Kampulung to Hans Benckner in Brasov . Like other early Romanian documents, the letter is written in Cyrillic with significant fragments in Church Slavonic.

Romanian culture was strongly influenced by Christianity - according to legend, Andrew the First-Called taught in these lands. But the first Orthodox manuscripts were imported by the Slavs. Therefore, the most ancient translations into the Romanian language were the Slavic Orthodox texts of the 15th century. The Skean Psalter , the Voronets Psalter, the Hurmuzaki Psalter and the Voronets Codex were widely used; they were translated in the south-west of the country and copied in Moldova.

The first printed book was a religious book in Church Slavonic : the liturgical collection of Macarius 1508, and the first printed book in Romanian was the unsaved Siberian Catechism of 1544. Other translations from Greek and Church Slavonic were also printed in the 17th century. Moldovan Dosoftey ( Dosifei ) is the author of the most ancient Romanian poems known to us, they were published in Poland in 1673.

In the second half of the 17th century, the first attempts were made to publish the Bible in Romanian. In 1582, Deacon Sherban (son of Deacon Koresy) and Marian Deacon printed the Orasti Paley, a translation of the first books of the Old Testament . He was translated by Bishop Michael Tordash, referring to the Hungarian translations of the Bible.

Nevertheless, the complete Bible in Romanian language was published only towards the end of the 17th century, when the monks of the Snagov monastery near Bucharest translated and printed the Bucharest Bible (1688).

Renaissance humanism originated in Moldova in the 17th century due to Polish influence. Its most significant representative, Miron Kostin , wrote a chronicle of Moldova. The Chronicle of Kostin was preceded by the Chronicle of Grigor Ureka , followed by the chronicle of John Neculce . Another humanist was Dimitrie Cantemir , who wrote the history of Moldova , Wallachia and the Ottoman Empire ; he also wrote fiction: “Sofa”, “Hieroglyphic History”. His son, Antioch Cantemir , was the last Russian poet- syllabic and the first classicist. The illuminator-dominator (ruler, lit. - “lord”) was Konstantin Brynkovyan ; he was killed by the Turks along with his sons.

In the XVIII century, the Romanian lands were subordinate to the Ottoman Empire, which began to appoint not the local boyars as dominators, but Greek merchants - the so-called. fanariots .

So Greek culture began to influence the development of Romanian literature. For example, one of the largest Romanian poets of this century was Alecu Vecarescu, who wrote love songs in the anacreontic style . His father, Enekitsa, was also a poet, and also wrote the first grammar of the Romanian language. And Iancu Vacarescu, son of Alecu, was arguably the most significant poet of his generation. The anecdotes of Anton Pann portrayed a whole “human comedy”; they feel the Balkan spirit, the influence of Balkan folklore, which penetrated into Romania with the Ottomans.

Nevertheless, the next generation of Romanian writers was inspired by the European Enlightenment. Representatives of this generation: George Asaka , John Buda Delyanu and Dinik Golesku .

The national liberation moods of Europe were also adopted by the Romanians; they desired their own state, while they were subordinate to a foreign empire. Many Romanian writers of these years joined the national movement and participated in the revolutions of 1821 and 1848. The subject of many discussions was the origin of the Romanians, and in Transylvania a movement of Latinists was formed who explored the Romanesque origin of their native language and opened schools with teaching in Romanian.

Romanians, educated in France, Italy, Germany, brought with them French culture and German philosophy, gradually weakening Greek and Eastern influences in Romanian literature. A significant figure was John Heliad Redulescu, who founded the first periodical in Romanian, as well as the Philharmonic Society, which would subsequently open the National Theater in Bucharest.

Nicolae Belchescu gives the first sample of a historical monograph, Alecu Russo creates his patriotic poem in prose “Chanting of Romania”, and Dimtrie Bolintin Janu creates his historical legends. He, together with Pantazi Guc , V. A. Ureki, lay the foundations of the novel. Nicolae Filimon writes the first realistic novel, B. P. Hashdeu approves a romantic drama in poems, and Alexandre Odobescu - a historical short story and essay.

The most significant writers of the second half of the century were Vasule Alexandri and Michael Eminescu . Alexandri was a writer of wide scope, he enriched Romanian literature with poetry, prose, several dramas and a collection of folk art. Eminescu is considered the main and most influential Romanian poet. His lyrics are rooted in folk tradition, but are influenced by German philosophy and Indian traditions.

In 1863, Tutu Maiorescu founded the literary circle "Youth", which played a major role in Romanian literature. It included many important writers, including John Lyka Karadzhale, author of classic comedies; at this time, published their prose writings John Creanga and Barbu Delawrancia. In this period, various trends coexisted, from romanticism to the people ... and sow ...

After national unification in 1918, Romanian literature began a real golden age, marked by the development of the novel. Traditional society and recent political events were reflected in such writings of Liviu Rebrian as “Uprising” (1932, on the peasant uprising of 1907) and “Forest of the Hanged Men” (1922, on the participation of Romania in the First World War). The beginnings of the modernist novel can be traced in the prose of such writers as Hydrangea Papadat Benjescu (“Concert from the Works of Bach”), Kamull Petrescu (“The Last Night of Love, the First Night of the War”).

Classical historical and literary works

Cesar Petrescu (1892-1961) - novelist. In his novels, he gloomily described socio-ethical issues. A masterpiece of his work is the novel “Eclipse” (1927, in the Russian translation of 1963 “Crash”) describing the fate of people who survived the First World War. In addition, Petrescu is the author of the historical trilogy 1907 (1938-1943) and the novel People of Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (1955), according to him, an abridged version of the Romanian Chronicle of the 20th Century.

Georgy Kalinescu is a (complex) personality: novelist, playwright, poet, historian and literary critic, essayist, journalist. He created monographs on Eminescu, Creanga, as well as the monumental “History of Romanian literature from its origins to the present day” (1941, c. 1000 pp. In quarto).

Nicolae Yorga - History of Romanian Literature, 1929

Georgy Kalinescu - History of Romanian literature from its origins to the present day, 1941

The most important realist writer was Michael Sadovianu , the action of his novels most often occurs during periods of Moldavian history. The most important writers were Tidor Argezi , Lucian Blag and Murch Eliade . Tydor Argesi 50 years after Eminescu renewed Romanian poetry, laying the foundations of modernism. Lucian Blaga developed in his writings a complex philosophical system, still not well understood. Murcha Eliade is today considered the largest historian of religions. His novels are marked by the mystical symbolism of pre-Christian, pagan texture.

• George bacovia
• John Barbu
• Vasule Wojkulescu
• Camille Petrescu

A native of Romania, Tristan Tzara , a French poet essayist, is the creator of Dadaism , a revolutionary nihilist movement in art. He later moved away from Dadaism towards Surrealism and Marxism . He settled in Zurich, where he founded the Cabaret Voltaire. For the first time in its history, Romanian culture has completely merged with Western European culture, Dadaism is the first current of world significance created by the Romanian. Romanian avant-garde is represented by such names as Urmyz, Tristan Tzara, H. Bunchu, Grigore Kogler, Barbu Fundoyanu (Benjamin Fondan) , Aurel Baranga , Dzhellu Naim, Hilarie Voronka, John Vunya.

Marun Preda is considered the most important post-war novelist. His novel "Morometi" describes the life and difficulties of an ordinary peasant family from the Romanian Field in the pre-war period and at the beginning of the comm. period in Romania. But his most significant book is The Most Beloved Among Earthlings, a cruel description of a communist society.

The most important poets and writers of this period are Nikita Stanescu , Marin Sorescu , Ana Blandiana , Ioann Alexandru , Nikuta Tanase . You can also call the poetess Veronica Porumbaku . Among children's writers, Octav Panku-Yash (1929-1975) is famous - the fairy tale “The Incredible Story of a Father, a Boy and ... a Finger”, humorous stories and sketches for children, the novels “The Great Battle at a Small Lake” (1953), “A Book with Blue eyes. "

There are numerous writers of Romanian descent, such as Eugene Ionescu ( Eugene Ionesco ), one of the most significant playwrights of the theater of the absurd. At the same time, Emil Choran, a brilliant philosopher and writer, writes. Paul Celan and a galaxy of German-speaking poets were born in Bukovina.

• Antioch Cantemir (Russian language)
• Tristan Tzara (French)
• Eugene Ionesco (French)
• Benjamin Fondant (French)
• Emil Choran (French)
• Paul Celan (German)
• Müller, Hertha (German)
• Marta Bibescu (French)
• Sandor Kanyadi

• Romanian language
• Romanian mythology
• List of Romanian poets

• Meeting: From modern Romanian prose. Per. with the room. Comp. S. Florintseva. Foreword Cyril Kovalji . M .: Izvestia, 1988 .- 224 p.
• Romanian folk poetry. Per. from romanian. M. Hood. Lit. 1987.239 s.
• Modern romanian play. Library of Literature of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Moscow. Art 1981. - 759 p.
• Modern romanian detective. M. Rainbow. 1990.- 496 s
• Romanian-Russian literary relations of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. Ed. I.I. Anisimov et al. M., 1964.

• Romanian poetry in the original and translations into other languages
• Romanian literature (rum.)
• National Museum of Romanian Literature
• Arbor Rally . Romanian literature // Literary Encyclopedia : in 11 volumes - [ M. ], 1929-1939.